How the change of Hydrochloric Acid concentration affects the rate of reaction with Marble Chips :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

How the difference in Hydrochloric Acid focus influences the pace of response with Marble Chips Point To discover if changing the convergence of a corrosive will increment or decline the pace of the response when marble is broken down in hydrochloric corrosive. With the condition CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 +H2O + CO2. The pace of the response influences how rapidly the CO2 is delivered. Foundation Knowledge ==================== The pace of response relies upon how regularly and how hard the responding particles crash into one another. Particles need to crash all together to respond, and the need to impact hard enough too. This is called the impact hypothesis. At the point when the temperature is expanded the particles all move speedier. On the off chance that they are moving speedier, at that point they are going to have more crashes. Higher temperature likewise expands the vitality of the crashes, since it makes all the particles move quicker. Expanding the temperature just aims quicker crashes. Responses possibly occur if the particles slam into enough vitality. At a higher temperature there will be more particles crashing into enough vitality to cause the response to occur. This underlying vitality is known as the initiation vitality, and it is expected to break the underlying bonds. On the off chance that one of the reactants is a strong at that point separating it into littler pieces will build its surface territory. This implies the particles around it in the arrangement will have more zone to take a shot at so there will be more valuable crashes. In the event that the arrangement is made increasingly focused it implies that there are more particles of reactant moving about between the water atoms which makes impacts between the significant particles more probable. In light of this I expect the response rate to be speedier at the point when the grouping of the corrosive is higher. The response ought to be that as it may, end on a similar measure of gas emitted. Rate is estimated by the vanishing of reactants or potentially the presence of an item. Forecast At the point when the centralization of corrosive expands the pace of response will increment. I will have the option to see the pace of response is expanding as the gas is created all the more rapidly. Hardware ========= Clip Stand Hydrochloric Acid Medium Marble Chips Estimating Cylinder (100ml) x 2 (unmistakably mark each for water or corrosive) 250 ml funnel shaped carafe Equalization Gas Syringe Security Equipment for example Sterile garment, goggles Bubbling Tubes Stopclock Conveyance Tube Thermometer Technique ====== * NB: before each test, guarantee that the air temperature is predictable. * Using the estimating chamber explicit for the corrosive, measure out the predetermined measure of hydrochloric corrosive. At that point, measure out the indicated measure of water in the other estimating chamber. Pour both of these fluids into a bubbling cylinder.

Essay on The Modernity of Bollywood Example For Students

Paper on The Modernity of Bollywood Film is a type of craftsmanship that is officially utilized as a methods for diversion. However, through time making films are presently a piece of a huge industry. This paper will investigate the significance of diversion, explicitly films that are made in India. The focal point of this paper will be to present the appearance of film in India through various timespans and how a few chronicled occasions have affected the Bollywood business. Besides, when a general thought of how Bollywood advancement through time is clarified, we will at that point build up why the Bollywood business is one of a kind and not quite the same as some other film industry on the planet. This will likewise incorporate the various elements which have impacted the Bollywood business. Ultimately, this paper will exhibit how the modernization of Bollywood has affected India. The methodology of this paper will be through a verifiable review, notwithstanding financial and anthropological perspectives which will be utilized to exhibit a few idea inside these orders. The affordable ideas incorporate private enterprise, showcasing and commercialisation. Besides, anthropological ideas, for example, social class, conventions and sexual orientation will likewise be examined all through this paper. Alfred Adler’s Inferiority Complex will be utilized explicitly as a mental hypothesis as a clarification to an effect that has been come about through the Bollywood film industry. As this paper will concentrate on Bollywood, it is vital to comprehend what Bollywood really is. Bollywood is the greatest film industry on the planet and is otherwise called â€Å"the Hollywood of Bombay† (Nayar, 1997). It is ordinarily alluded to as Indian film. Be that as it may, the right â€Å"definition† would be Hindi film, since the discourse of the movies discharged are in Hindi. There are a few film enterprises inside the Indian film industry. However, this paper gulp explicitly focues on the Bollywood business and show the effect it’s had on individuals living in India. Appearance of Film in India The authentic portrayal of film in India be arranged in three phases. These stages would be the presentation film, the Golden Age and the modernization of Bollywood. Film was first presented in Quite a while during imperialism, in 1912. Through film maing, the citizns of Inia had a chance to at last be liberated from outside impact and they were currently ready to communicate their character and delineate their way of life (Rao, 2007). As indicated by Nasreen Rehman, a student of history of South Asian film, the term Bollywood developed during the late twentieth century (Ghosh, 2013). In spite of the fact that Bollywood is known for delivering films in Hindi, the primary quiet film called Shree pundalik discharged is really viewed as a film in Marathi, and not Hindi. Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra, which is the place the city of Bombay â€now known as Mumbai†is found. This is the reason the initial scarcely any quiet movies discharged are perceived as Marathi films, instead of Hindi movies in the Bollywood business. Despite the fact that Shree pundalik is a film that was in fact discharged in India, many have contended this ought not be considered India’s first film since it is fundamentally a pictorial portrayal of a Marathi play and the cameraman was additionally British. In 1913, Raja Harishchandra which is perceived as India’s first full length highlight film was discharged (Chanakya Desk, 2010). This film likewise gives a portrayal of the popular Indian sagas Mahabharata and Ramayana. The impact of Indian epic verse will be additionally talked about in this paper. In spite of the fact that, Raja Harishchandra is a significant perspective to the historical backdrop of Bollywood, Alam Ara was the principal sound film to be discharged in 1931 in which the exchange talked is simply Hindi and this film had probably the best impact of the film business (Chanakya Desk, 2010). It totally changed the manner in which future movies were being made in light of its business achievement, but since of the open door it offered executives to create musicals. During this period, three central recorded occasions occurred which was fundamentally associated with the plots of the movies. The Great Depression, World War Two and the Indian Independence Movement all occurred during the 1930’s to 1940’s and many movie producers delineated the social issues through film. This is the place the change from depicting customary and social stories in film to practical social issues and battles occurred. Whipping EssayMany of these people feel just as they can't identify with these movies any longer and they additionally think about the movies that are currently being discharged to those made in 1950’s. They bring up that during the 1950’s chiefs, for example, Raj Kapoor who is known for making practical movies would really speak to India, with the great and the terrible (Rao, 2007). Consequently, Bollywood films have gotten unreasonable and unrelatable to a greater part of Indians since these movies to don’t depict a reasonable part of India. An aftereffect of the modernization of Bollywood would be the sexualisation of ladies in tunes. As recently talked about, tunes and move are significant for a Bollywood film to be effective in the cinema world. However, the expansion of thing tunes in films are logically developing (Mohanty, 2010). A thing tune â€also known as thing number-is a tune which has nothing to do with the plot of the film. It fundamentally exhibits a lady, now and again a man, in uncovering dress moving to a melody for the delight of the male or female crowd. The lady will move in an enchanting and sexual way to satisfy the crowd and through this, she is being sexualized. She is being abused by the film business to and is being exposed to sexual externalization. Curiously, the term thing is really Mumbai slang for a provocative female. In these thing tunes, numerous ladies are eagerly being depicted as sexual items who are just present for a man’s needs. Through a mental examination, Alfred Adlerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Inferiority Complex hypothesis can be utilized to answer why these females are affirming of being depicted in a sexual way. Through Adler’s point of view, ladies have low confidence and self-esteem since they have consistently been continually debilitated to feel equivalent to a man. This prompts the sentiment of inadequacy to men. In this manner, through these thing tunes, lady will attempt to command men through temptation and control. Works Cited Andrew, G. (2001). Baz Luhrmann (I). In Guardian News and Media. Recovered from: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/sep/07/1 Ghosh, P. (2013). Bollywood At 100: How Big Is Indias Mammoth Film Industry? In International Business Times. Recovered from http://www.ibtimes.com/bollywood-100-how-enormous indias-mammoth-film-industry-1236299 Gopalan, L. (2008). Film Culture In Chennai. Film Quarterly, 62(1), 40-45. doi: 10.1525/fq.2008.62.1.40 Gupta, C. D. (1980). New Directions in Indian Cinema. Film Quarterly, 34(1), 32-42. doi: 10.2307/1211852 Gupta, C. D. (1969). Indian Cinema Today. Film Quarterly, 22(4), 27-35. doi: 10.2307/1210307 Mohanty, P. (2010). Bollywood thing numbers: from Monica to Munni. In Pixelonomics. Recovered from http://www.pixelonomics.com/bollywood-thing numbers-monica-to-munni Rao, S. (2007). The Globalization of Bollywood: An Ethnography of Non-Elite Audiences in India. Correspondence Review, 10(1), 57-76. doi:10.1080/10714420601168491 Tesson, C. (n.d.). Bollywood. Reference book Britannica. Recovered from http://proxy4.vaniercollege.qc.ca:2105/encyclopedie/bollywood/

Public Policy The Funding Of Higher Education Essay

Public Policy The Funding Of Higher Education Essay Public Policy: The Funding Of Higher Education â€" Essay Example > Public Policy: The funding of higher educationABSTRACTThis report discusses the higher education scenario in US with special focus on funding given to students for pursuing higher education sources. It discusses the situation of high debts for students because of high cost of education and the consequent fallout in terms of a decline in number of students pursuing higher education. Even if the students do enroll for such programs, most of them do not complete the courses because of lack of funds. INTRODUCTION A secure higher education is one of the best investments any parent, any state or any country can make for its future citizens and for the nation as a whole. The same is true for United States of America or any third world country. According to the study by Department of Education in US by Baum and Payea, by getting a college degree, a student’s worth increases by 75% than when he has only a high school diploma. With increasing globalization, there is a marked change in the profile of labor market with more and more jobs requiring a minimum of a college degree. Moreover, from a country’s point of view, a better educated population contributes more significantly towards the country’s growth and has lower health care costs because of higher earnings IN addition the socially knowledgeable citizens are able to protect their rights and are able to work for the betterment of society and country in general. In fact, it was the civil rights movement which triggered the enactment of The Higher Education Act of 1965 that started the federal student loan programs. (Swarthout, 6)However, things have changed in the past decade. The government support for higher education has declined and as a result, burden of tuition and fees have fallen entirely on the students themselves. The Scholarships and Grants are not proving o be effective with less and less students being able to benefit from them. With increasing costs, students are forced to take more and more d ebt to pay for their degrees. It was seen that out of all the four-year college graduates with student debt, about two-thirds left school in 2004 as compared with less than one-third in 1993. (Swarthout, 4)Thus, US faces a very peculiar problem as there is a high percentage of students facing debt who are reaching the job market. This is not a good sign for the economy as well a jobs that have a high social value but lower salary structures such as teachers and social service providers. Therefore, it is important for US government and citizens to work collectively to solve this problem as the future of the country depends on these two basic high value jobs which no one wants to take up especially since they have large loans to repay. Amidst fear of deteriorating American higher education system and alarmed by dropout rates of students from universities and colleges, the US government set up a Commission on the Future of Higher Education, also known as the Spellings Commission, on Se ptember 19, 2005. The nineteen member Commission was given the responsibility of devising a strategy for reforming post-secondary education, with a particular focus on preparation of students for the 21st-century workplace and how the high schools are preparing the students for post-secondary education. The Spellings commission in its report focused on four areas of access, affordability, the standards of quality in instruction, and the accountability. The accountability was to the stakeholders in their respective constituencies such as the students, families, taxpayers, and other investors in higher education.

Why Do You Want to Be a Teacher - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 556 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Topics: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? A condescending question that has followed me since I made this choice at a young age. I believe that teaching can be most appropriately considered to be a lifestyle, not a mere forty-hour-a-week job; a teachers goals for their students encompass much more than passing grades and completed homework assignments. As professionals entrusted with the education of young minds, teachers must facilitate learning and growth academically, personally, and ethically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Do You Want to Be a Teacher?" essay for you Create order To no surprise, students come from various home life situations, ranging from economic to family structure. Each and every student is unique; they all come with an individual way of thinking and their own set of needs and gifts that are brought to the classroom. By providing a quality education to each individual in ones classroom, a teacher equips children with the tools necessary for success in life. In order to accomplish these lofty goals, I believe that its important first to establish a mutual respectful and honest rapport with students. Sound instruction will always be sound instruction, regardless of students racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic backgrounds. To a large extent, good teaching, which is teaching that is engaging, relevant, multicultural, and appealing to a variety of modalities and learning styles, works well with all children. Both high and low expectations can create self-fulfilling prophecies. It is vital for students to believe that they can achieve before they will risk trying; young people are astute at sensing whether their teachers believe they can succeed. By the same token, teachers must truly believe their students can achieve before they will put forth their best effort to teach them. The teachers beliefs must be translated into instructional practices if students are to benefit: actions speak louder than attitudes. According to researcher Sandra Graha m of the University of Californiaâ€Å"Los Angeles, when a teacher expresses sympathy over failure, students typically infer that the teacher thinks they are incapable of succeeding, not that they simply may not have tried hard enough. Similarly, when a teacher gives students lavish praise for completing a simple task or offers help before being asked for it, students infer that the teacher thinks they are stupid. It is most important to not only differentiate instruction for individual student, but differentiate the feedback and expectations for each student. Based upon the fact that there is no more general education classrooms, each and every teacher must differentiate their instruction to best reach each student. It is no longer acceptable to only have one way of instructing a class, or assuming that each student will learn the same. Teachers must be sure to include a variety of teaching strategies, such as whole class instruction, turn and talks and guided practice. These different strategies will help to best reach each students learning needs. This process can be related to the philosophy of experiential learning. This philosophy is defined as the process of learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as learning through reflection on doing. Its origins may be traced back to Aristotle in 350 BCE, but has been more recently further developed by philosopher Peter Senge in 1990. He wrote in his book The Fifth Discipline, learning only has good effects when learners have the desire to absorb the knowledge. Seated whol e class instruction may be useful for some learners, but others may prefer to move around and interact with peers.

Analysis Road Map And Resilience - 1014 Words

Dubem Okafor Ms.Zettler CP English 11 18 September 2014 Recipe to Resilience Why do some people recover quickly after a loss or trauma, while others seem to fall into an everlasting depression? People that are able to bounce back after something bad happens to them have what we call resilience. Resilient people are able to use their skills and resources to deal with and recover from problems and challenges. This may include the loss of a job, sickness, natural disasters, divorce, or the death of a loved one. Rather than letting failure overcome them and drain their resolve, they find a way to rise from the ashes and be reborn as a stronger person just like a Phoenix. There are many different ingredients that make up the trait of†¦show more content†¦On the bus ride home my coach could tell I was upset so he asked me what was wrong. I told him about the drop and how much it was bugging me. He then told me something that will stick with me for the rest of my life. He said The one thing that separates a good player from a great player is the ability to forget. Meaning that the best players are able to show resilience and get over a bad play. There is more to Resilience than just being able to get over a hardship it is also having the ability to work hard even when you want to quit. This other ingredient of resilience is just as important to being successful as the first aspect. In the video clip with Will Smith he says â€Å"The guy who is willing to work hard will be the most successful.† There is no other way to put it. If you work hard and show resilience when you need to you will become successful in life. Angela Duckworth also says in her video clip Grit is Living life like a marathon not a sprint. This quote concedes with this aspect of resilience because to demonstrate it you have to continually give all your effort not just when it convenient to. The last ingredient of resilience has to do with having positive emotions in times of stress. To become happy you must have more positive emotions than negative ones. True happiness comes from finding meaning and satisfaction when you reflect on your life. It does not mean a life free from

Where the Wild Things Are Reading Log Free Essays

VISUAL Title: Where the Wild Things Are Director: Spike Jonze Cultural Perspective: American Gender Perspective: Male Critical Reputation: Yes (Nominated for the Saturn Award) Date of Response: 21 September 2011 ‘Where the Wild Things Are’ directed by Spike Jonze links to the theme crisis and change through the character Max and his struggle to control his emotions. Max runs away and falls asleep and dreams of the island where the wild things live each wild thing representing parts of himself and his relationships with his family members. On the island he is placed to govern his own feelings after fighting with his mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Where the Wild Things Are Reading Log or any similar topic only for you Order Now The wild things are symbols of the relationships he has with his sister and mum and his own emotions. Many of what happens in his world where the wild things live parallel Max’s reality  such as the dirt clod war which contrasts the snowball fight he had where he splits his emotions into good and ‘bad’ teams. Carroll, Douglas and KW are on his side while Judith, Ira, Alexander and Bull are classed as bad. Carroll is a symbol of Max’s uncontrollable anger and his destructive side which Max understands the best because he is constantly battling anger. Douglas is the symbol of reason and KW a girl who is full of love and represents his mother especially when she hides him from Carroll and also the close relationship between Carroll and KW because he does have a close relationship with his mother and she is the one who experiences the most of his anger bursts, however she is not really there when he needs her because she has to work. But there is a lovely moment between Max and his mother early on in the film which symbolises the love between them, when his mother writes the story Max tells her while he plays with her feet. ‘†There were some buildings†¦ There were these really tall buildings, and they could walk. Then there were some vampires. And one of the vampires bit the tallest building, and his fangs broke off. Then all his other teeth fell out. Then he started crying. And then, all the other vampires said, â€Å"Why are you crying? Weren’t those just your baby teeth? † And he said, â€Å"No. Those were my grown-up teeth. † And the vampires knew he couldn’t be a vampire anymore, so they left him. The end. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is a moment when Max opens up to his mother through his creative side, and one of the nicest moments between Max and his mother in the whole film. Judith is a symbol of his relationship with his sister. They don’t really get on and she isn’t there for him when he needs her as represented by the quote that Judith says ‘†You know what? You can’t do that back to me. If we’re upset, your job is not to get upset back at us. Our job is to be upset. If I get mad and wanna eat you, then you have to say: â€Å"Oh, okay. You can eat me. I love you. Whatever makes you happy, Judith? † That’s what you’re supposed to do! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this is exactly what Max expects from his sister and he is constantly upset by her. Ira symbolises the part of Max that is pushed around by the people in his life and Alexander symbolises the side of Max that no one listens to and is mistreated by the other wild things. Bull is a symbol of the journey and how that there are always going to be parts of yourself you won’t understand and that Max’s emotional journey has only just begun. Max changes throughout his time on that he spends on the island and comes to understand what his mother has to put up with as he finds it extremely hard to be in charge of Carroll as he is unruly. As he leaves the island KW says ‘†Don’t go, I’ll eat you up. I love you so†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which reflects how she swallowed Max to protect him from Carroll because she loves him. He goes back to have a greater understanding of himself and what his mother has to put up with. Throughout the movie you feel sorry for Max as he is misunderstood and ignored. His sister doesn’t stand up for him when he is squashed in the snow fort he built with him inside. I also felt that some of his behaviour was unnecessary but throughout his stay on the island you find out that he had just not matured enough to understand what others had to put up with until he had to put up with it himself. ‘I don’t talk to owls. Owls are stupid. ’ This quote symbolises how Max has no understanding and feels left out because he cannot understand what the owls are saying just like Carroll. The film also connects to the theme crisis and change with the idea that children are burdened with adults problems. Max is told by the teacher at school that the sun is going to die and this shocks him. Later on while he and Carroll are touring the island they come across the empty part of the world. Carroll says ‘†this part of your kingdom is not so good†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †Well, look this used to be all rock, now it’s all sand, and then one day it’s going to all be dust and then the whole island will be dust, and then†¦ I don’t even know what comes after dust. ’ This symbolises how max is burdened with the fact that not only is his childish imagination dying but so is he, just like the sun. Later max responds by saying ‘†Carroll, did you know the sun was going to die? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Carroll responds with ‘†What? I’ve never heard that†¦ oh come on. That can’t happen. I mean you’re the k ing, and look at me, I’m big! How can guys like us worry about a tiny thing like the sun? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this shows how Max’s problems seem so much bigger than the sun at the moment but there is still the worry nibbling at him. When Max found out that the sun was going to die, I felt angry at his teacher for not explaining that it will take millions of years and for scaring Max. I didn’t like the look of worry on Max’s face, when we see that this boy has so much more to come to terms with in himself, and is now burdened by something he needn’t worry about as it is still millions of years away. He learns that he can continue living even though Judith tells him ‘Happiness isn’t always the best way to be happy. ’ He discovers there is more to being happy than he had thought before How to cite Where the Wild Things Are Reading Log, Essay examples

Mongolian Effects on Russia and China free essay sample

AsiaIn the years between 1100 and 1400 the Mongol empire stretched the farthest of any empire throughout history. Within the massive land under Mongol rule laid the lands of China and Russia. The Mongols knew how to maintain their empire but had different ways of doing it in each part. This lead to the separate, divergent ways of governing the two lands. In China and Russia, the Mongol era brought an immense change in political and economical power. In China, political impact from the Mongols came off much stricter than it did in Russia. The leader of the Mongolians, Kublai Khan guided the Mongols to conquer the Southern Song dynasty. Even though the Mongols had ruled territories, which included modern day northern China for many years, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially accepted a traditional Chinese style. When Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty, he practically conquered all of China. The Chinese weren’t as politically free as the Russians. We will write a custom essay sample on Mongolian Effects on Russia and China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example Chinese were not allowed to inter-marry. He also banned Chinese scholars from learning Mongolian script and kept the two militaries separate. Mongol political control in Russia was different than China. One could argue that Mongolia was slightly â€Å"looser† with the Russian government. The Russians were aloud a grand prince to lead under Mongolian power but they were forced to pay tribute. Not only did the Mongol rule have a huge effect on the politics of China and Russia but the economy was affected as well. During the Mongolian rule, the China became a heart of trade for the Eastern world. This gave the Mongols complete control of the Silk Road. China had things that so many other places in the world wanted such as silk and porcelain. With a high demand for these Chinese goods the jobs were created, trade flourished, and the Mongolians highly benefited from the booming economy in China. The Mongols had a very different effect on the Russian economy than the Chinese economy. The Mongols caused the Russian economy to crash, which made Russia restart all of its agricultural affairs. This forced Russia to rely generally on peasant labor. Paper money was also being made which caused major inflation. Instead of becoming a hot spot for trade, Russia became weaker do to the economic Mongol torture.

History Of Snowdonia Essays

History Of Snowdonia Essays History Of Snowdonia Essay History Of Snowdonia Essay Essay Topic: History Saint Joan The Glass Castle Winters Bone The Celts had settled across much of Britain by 500 BC and gradually divided into tribes, including the Ordivices in parts of northern Wales.One of the earliest settlements discovered in Snowdonia is Trer Ceiri dating from around 200 BC, where a village of 150 stone huts with turf roofs was encircled by stone walls. The Romans moved into northern Wales after their invasion in AD 43, but were resisted in the Ordivices territory around Anglesey and Caernarfon by warriors under Caratacus (or Caradog). In AD 51, Caratacus was defeated, encouraging the Romans to strike deeper into remote northwestern Wales in AD 57 and AD 60. The Romans directed their second campaign against the isle of Angelsey in the far northwest, a spiritual Celtic stronghold led by druids. After AD 70 the Romans built forts in captured territories, but the Welsh tribes continued to effectively resist using guerilla tactics. The Roman fort at Segontium (present day Caernarfon), a significant garrison at the limit of the Roman Empire, was built for 1000 men. It was occupied for around 300 years from AD 77, during which time northwest Wales remained a thorn in the Roman side. With the decline of Roman power after AD 390, the Scotti people (from todays Ireland) took the opportunity to invade the home of the Picts (todays Wales and Scotland). In response to the invasion, people from Gododdin (in Scotland) came to northwest Wales. Their initial plan was to drive out the invaders, but they stayed and settled in the area, which became the kingdom of Gwynedd. (The modern county, including Snowdonia, still proudly bears this name.)The struggle between Welsh settlers and Irish raiders along the coast carried on for the rest of the Dark Ages. During this time, Christian missionaries and settlers arrived from Ireland throughout the 6th and 7th centuries. While these newcomers arrived from the west, the people of Wales were also under pressure to the east constantly harassed by the Anglo-Saxons of England over hundreds of years.Building on the unity forced upon them by Anglo-Saxon oppression, in the 9th and 10th centuries the small kingdoms of Wales began cooperating to repel the Vikings. King Rhodri Mawr (who died in AD 878) defeated a Viking force off Anglesey, and his grandson Hywel the Good was responsible for drawing up a set of laws, helping to unify the disparate Welsh tribes. One of Wales most prominent historical figures, Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, wrested control of Gwynedd in 1039 and by 1057 ruled all of Wales. Attempting to extend Welsh territory he successfully attacked Hereford, sparking a response by a force led by Harold, Earl of Wessex. In August 1063, the English caught and killed Gruffydd in Snowdonia. By the time the Normans arrived, the Welsh had returned to their independent ways. To secure his new kingdom, and keep the Welsh in theirs, William the Conqueror built castles in the lowlands. But the Welsh continued to launch attacks from their highlands strongholds. The battle for control of Wales continued for the next two centuries until the ascension of Edward I. During his 56-year reign, beginning in 1272, Edward a skilled ruler and ambitious general led a ruthless invasion of Wales that lasted much of the 1270s. Edward spent a great deal of money stamping his authority on the restive areas of northwestern Wales, building imposing castles at Caernarfon, Harlech, Conwy and Beaumaris. Caernarfon Castle was the most impressive of the Iron Ring of fortresses. Built between 1283 and 1301, the castle was designed as a seat of government and a royal palace. In the end, Wales became a dependent principality owing allegiance to England. There were no more Welsh kings, and Edward made his son prince of Wales. Ever since, the British sovereigns eldest son has been automatically given the title. Modern History With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Snowdonia became the centre of the slate-mining industry which sustained North Wales during the 19th century. The town of Blaenau Ffestiniog was responsible for roofing much of England, but the downside of mining still in evidence today are slag heaps. For every ton of usable slate extracted, nine tons of rubble were created. Mountain railways were constructed between 1832 and 1836 to haul slate down from the mines of Blaenau Ffestiniog to the port at Porthmadog, which grew around the 19th-century harbour built by William Alexander Madocks. The wool industry also became important in the valleys. Set amid hills, Dolgellau is a true Welsh market town that owes much of its handsome, if unornamented, looks to the wealth generated by the wool industry in the 19th century. It has over 200 listed buildings, the highest concentration in Wales. In 1911, in a bid to involve the British crown more closely with his own constituency, prime minister and Welshman David Lloyd George incurred the ire of local people when he transferred the investiture ceremony for the heir to the British throne the Prince of Wales to Caernarfon Castle. But Caernarfon is a Welsh nationalist heartland, and in 1969 exactly 600 years after Edward I made his son the first prince of Wales and installed him in the castle there was an attempt to blow up a train carrying the current prince of Wales to his investiture. Recent History While mining continues today to a minor degree, North Wales rich history and natural attractions have provided a new focus for the area in recent years. Snowdonia National Park was designated a protected landscape in 1951, and in 1986 Edward Is castles and town walls at Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech and Beaumaris were given World Heritage listing. Several mines have been reinvented as visitor attractions, along with vintage railways like the Ffestiniog and Welsh Highland lines, which once hauled the booty down to the sea. The areas high rainfall (pack your waterproof, or buy one here!) has been cannily exploited by hydroelectric power stations, and Electric Mountain at Llanberis is one massive underground scheme you can see for yourself. The long-time heartland of nationalism, North Wales is leading a prolonged campaign for the survival of Welsh language, music and literary culture. When you hear Welsh spoken in the trendiest bar on the Llyn Peninsula, you know it is here to stay. Tribes of Celtic Wales From the round tower of Dolbadarn Castle, 700 years ago, Dafydd, Prince of Wales, looked out at the besieging camp-fires of an invading army. Today, the ghosts of the Welsh Princes, from their ruined strongholds, watch over friendly tourists who are attracted to the corner of Wales around Mount Snowdon that we call Snowdonia a countryside of high mountains and deep valleys, of rushing streams, sunlit waterfalls and driving, drenching rain. For its the climate of Wales which has helped to mould the rocks of Snowdonia into the beautiful and rugged landscape of the present day. Imagine North Wales 540 million years ago. The climate was very warm because Wales lay near to where South Africa is today. It was part of a large land-mass and attached, not only to England, but to southern Ireland and northern Europe as well. You may not have needed an umbrella to live here but youd still get wet. A deep ocean separated the Welsh continent from another one, consisting of Scotland, northern Ireland and North America. Periodically, seas flooded the land, depositing thick layers of sands and muds. Over time, thousands of feet of sediment built up and was consolidated by pressure into sandstone and mudstone rocks. Into the mudstones, volcanoes of a later age injected veins of copper and gold. Some of the mudstone was metamorphosed into the slate which outcrops around Bethesda and Llanberis. After the tides of fifty million years washed over the land the two continents began to move towards each other. In their battle for dominance submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands were thrown up into the narrowing ocean. Many of Snowdonias highest mountains are made of rocks from this explosive age but none were ever volcanoes themselves the summit of Snowdon is a mixture of muds and volcanic dust originally laid down on the sea-floor then later uplifted. Nearby, cooled ash sheets and lava flows formed the rock-face of Lliwedd, and volcanic magma lined the cliffs of Crib-y- Ddysgl and Crib Goch. Many years passed, and the ocean disappeared as the two continents collided. The resulting stresses crumpled the earth for miles, buckling lavas at Cwm Idwal and arching the sandstones of Harlech. The earth moved (up, down, even sideways), chipping out the valleys of Bala and Tal-y-llyn. Lazily, Wales drifted northwards, passed over the Equator and became part of one immense continent (called Pangaea). Eventually, Pangaea broke up and left a Britain still joined to Europe. Five million years before the present Britain gently tipped up, dipping England into the sea and raising the rocks of Wales. Rivers cut deeply into these highland plains, carving out v-shaped valleys. The Ice Ages came and went over 2 million years. Neanderthal Man walked into Britain with the warmer weather and walked out again in colder times. Glaciers spilled over the cwms of Nant Ffrancon and the Glyders and flowed away down the valleys. 8,000 years BC and it became much warmer. The ice melted and sea-levels rose, cutting off Britain from Europe and widening into a sea the narrow strait between Wales and Ireland. Behind it, the ice left a trail of memories: erratic rocks perched dangerously on top of one another and broad, deep, u-shaped valleys. Rain fell, and lakes formed in these valleys and cwms. Some are deep its 190 feet to the bottom of Llyn Llydaw. On the mountainsides Stone Age man hunted deer, ox and wild boar through a thick canopy of trees. By 4,000 BC the first farmers arrived from Europe, bringing with them livestock and grain. The New Stone Age men cleared the forests in order to graze their animals and grow crops. These people made tools out of stone or bone, and they built cromlechs, like the one at Capel Garmon, in which to bury their dead. On the coast, at Penmaenmawr, they established a centre for making stone axes and traded their goods through-out Britain. Two thousand years later, the community at Penmaenmawr used bronze knives to sacrifice its children. The bodies were cremated and their ashes placed in urns, which were then buried beneath the standing stones of the Druids Circle. Druids themselves didnt actually enter the magic circle until 600 BC when the influence of the Celts from Europe was paramount. These highly cultured people introduced to Britain the Brythonic language, together with a love of music, spoken poetry and storytelling (very little was written down) and a love of battle. In the uplands the raven, shape-shifter and goddess of battle, soured over the hill-top forts in which these tribes lived in times of war. At Pen-y-Gaer the hillfort dominated the river Conwy below. The men dug in rows of small, jagged stones to upend enemy horse-riders. The Celts knew how to make strong weapons and chariots out of iron, as well as beautiful objects from bronze, silver and gold. Sometimes these articles were cast into lakes as offerings to the water-spirits. For the Celts, all natural phenomena from stones and lakes to trees and birds were sources of divine power. Dressed in white robes and armed with yew wands, their religious leaders (the druids) conducted human sacrifices in sacred oak groves. In the first century AD, against an invading Roman army, the druids inspired resistance throughout Wales. However, in AD 61 the druids were forced to retreat to their island stronghold of Anglesey. Backed by a host of armed warriors and wild-haired, dark-robed women who carried fire-brands, the druids raised their arms and cursed the immaculate soldiers facing them across the Menai Strait. Eventually, the awe-struck legionaries dared to cross over the water. And its then that the charismatic druids disappeared from our history together with men, women and children they were burnt alive, wrapped in their own torch-flames. For three centuries the Romans remained in control. Nine hundred feet above sea-level, near Trawsfynydd, 500 auxiliaries lived in the fort of Tomen-y-Mur. The Romans relaxed in a heated bath-house and sat around a small amphitheatre, cheering on fighting cockerels. Roman roads averaged one days march (thats 19 miles) between each fort. The road which ran from Tomen-y-Mur we call Sarn Helen (meaning Helens Causeway), named after the Celtic wife of Macsen Wledig, the last Roman general to govern Wales. Macsen decamped with his troops in AD 383 in order to make himself Emporor of Rome. The Romans left behind them the sign of a red dragon, the Latin alphabet and the Christian religion of Emporor Constantine the Great, whose soldiers bore Christs monogram on their shields. This fifth-century grave-stone in Penmachno was inscribed with the Latin text: Carausius lies here in this heap of stones and the sacred chi-rho symbol. During the Age of the Saints (from the fifth to seventh centuries) missionaries from Ireland and Gaul arrived in Wales, and a monastery developed in Penmachno. In these days monks lived in small wattle and daub huts, all grouped around a larger hut which was used for worship and dedicated to a chosen saint. The area containing the huts and burial ground was called the llan meaning enclosed land. The saints also bequeath their names to many Welsh villages such as Llanberis, which developed near the Llan of St Peris at the foot of Mount Snowdon. On Bardsey Island, at the tip of the Lleyn Peninsula, St Cadfan founded a monastery which attracted pilgrims from miles around. The bones of 20,000 holymen are said to be buried here. At Clynnog Fawr, on the mainland, the Church of St Beuno was a stopping place for these pilgrims, who prayed at the shrine of the saint and bathed in the healing waters of the well. Before the final crossing to Bardsey the travellers rested at the Church of Aberdaron, where the sea lapped against the church wall at high tide. But apart from the evangelists, other newcomers werent so welcome With the departure of the Romans, the Britons were left to defend their borders against swarms of land-hungry tribes Irish, Picts, Scots, Danes, Angles and Saxons. Vortigern (son-in-law of Macsen Wledig) retreated to the craggy rocks of Dinas Emrys, near Beddgelert, from a Saxon invasion of Britain. Vortigern tried to build a fortress on the summit, but, mysteriously, the structure kept disappearing over-night. Young Merlin the Magician revealed why: beneath the foundations was a hidden pool in which two dragons were fighting for control of their crowded kingdom. Although at first the white dragon a Saxon interloper seemed to be winning, ultimately, Merlin foretold, the red dragon a true well Romano-Briton would triumph! In the south-east of Britain the mixed races settled down together. They adoped a common Germanic tongue and the name of Angles, referring to the previous inhabitants as wealhas. By the seventh century the Wealhas living in the west of Britain spoke a derived version of their original Celtic language. At the Church of St Cadfan in Tywyn the epitaph for Cingen was recorded not in Latin this time but in Welsh. The language of Rome was still used though, and when a 20 foot high stone cross was erected in the ninth century to honour Eliseg, King of Powys, his descent from Macsen Wledig and Vortigern was inscribed in Latin. Close-by the Abbey of Valle Crucis was called after this monument its name means Valley of the Cross. In the thirteenth century, the Welsh people were faced with new enemies: this time the Norman conquerors of England. Iorwerth the Flat-nosed erected a timber castle at Dolwyddelan, and his son lived here as a boy. Llywelyn set in stone his fathers castle and built others at Dolbadarn, Criccieth and Castell-y-Bere during his battles with the English kings. He also gave money to several monasteries, including Penmon Priory on Anglesey. The monks living on Puffin Island moved over to Penmon, and the puffins, by our own time, died out too pickled puffins being considered a delicacy. At Aberdyfi, Llywelyn called a council of the Welsh princes, who agreed to unite under him and proclaimed him worthy of the title Llywelyn Fawr that is, Llywelyn the Great. Llywelyn Fawr, his wife Joan and their hound Killhart held court at several palaces through-out Gwynedd, but the legendary site of Llywelyns cottage and the grave of his dog are both in Beddgelert. Joans coffin ended up on Anglesey at Beaumaris parish church, and when Llywelyn died his stone coffin but not his body, which disappeared reached its final resting place in the Church of St. Gwrwst at Llanrwst. For the next 15 years the descendants of Llywelyn Fawr competed for the lands of Gwynedd, until, at the Battle of Bryn Derwin, his grandson (Llywelyn the 2nd) defeated his brothers to take supreme command. One brother, Owain the Red, he then imprisoned in a 2nd floor bedroom in the turret of the keep of Dolbadarn Castle for 22 years. By strength of arms and personality, Llywelyn forced the English monarch to officially recognise him as Prince of Wales. But Llywelyn the 2nd became Llywelyn the Last when he marched against the next king, Edward the 1st, and was run through by a spear. As a traitor to England, Llywelyns head was cut off (a Celtic tradition) and displayed on London Bridge, although the rest of his body found peace inside a Welsh abbey. For a few months Dafydd assumed the title Prince of Wales from his dead brother. During the winter King Edward besieged the Welshmen at Dolwyddelan Castle, but Prince Dafydd himself escaped to Castell-y-Bere, remote in the foothills of Cader Idris. Still Edward pursued him. Dafydd retreated to Dolbadarn and was betrayed by his fellow countrymen. In London the two brothers met again: the head of Llywelyn the Last was joined by Dafydds head; two princes of Wales, crowned with ivy wreaths. Dafydds grandson, however, lies peacefully in the old church of Betws-y-Coed, and in the mountains of Snowdonia two of the highest peaks in Wales, Carnedd Dafydd and Carnedd Llywelyn, were named after the princes. In order to subdue his new Welsh conquests, Edward of England commissioned a series of castles to be constructed around the coast of North Wales. Designed by a master French architect and built by English craftsmen, each castle was the latest in modern military engineering. Conwy Castle featured arrow-slits, murder holes, lavish appartments for the king, and a sunless dungeon for the prisoners. On Anglesey King Edward uprooted the Welsh population of Llanfaes and moved it to a new site New Borough 12 miles away. The empty buildings of Llanfaes were used to create the town and moated castle of Beaumaris, whose name in French means beautiful marsh. From his castle at Rhuddlan the King issued a statute which imposed English laws and administration on the Welsh people. And at Caernarfon Castle, built near the Roman fort of Segontium, King Edward nominated his eldest son, born in the Eagle Tower, as the first in a line of English Princes of Wales But in 1400 a middle-aged country-gentleman, descended from the royal Welsh houses, claimed back the title for Wales. A dispute over land with Lord Grey of Ruthin resulted in Owain Glyndwrs first uprising. After sacking and burning Ruthin, Owain and his men attacked the towns and castles of Denbigh and Rhuddlan. Over the next few years Owain Glyndwr and his illusive army, camping in the hills and riding on Welsh ponies, waged a guerrilla war against the English intruders. At last, with the help of French warships, Owain captured Harlech and Caernarfon Castles and held most of Wales in his control. This latest Prince of Wales was crowned during his first parliament at Machynlleth. Owain made his headquarters in Harlech Castle but after 4 years it was besieged and taken back by Prince Hal of England. However, Owain and one son had already fled to the mountains. Hiding in caves, like those above Beddgelert, Owain and his men continued to skirmish with the English. And when or where the last Welsh Prince of Wales died, or whether he lives on in the mountains of Snowdonia no-one knows. 70 years later a Welshman of royal lineage challenged Richard 3rd of England for his kingdom. Henry Tudor and his army marched along the drovers roads from Aberdyfi to Shrewsbury. At the Battle of Bosworth Field King Richard was killed, and Henry was proclaimed Henry 7th the first Welshman to ascend the English throne. Henry allowed Welshmen to hold important offices once more, and several of the Wynn family, living in Gwydir Castle, became Members of Parliament for the county. On their estate near Penmachno William Morgan was born at Ty Mawr. Son of a tenant farmer, he became bishop of St Asaph and, in 1588, the first translator of the Bible into Welsh. Sir John Wynns reputation is not so honourable. Because of his harshness towards his servants and tenants, Sir Johns soul was forever condemned to the pool below Swallow Falls, where his moans can always be heard. Snowdonia cradles a wealth of minerals. The Romans mined gold here and fished for pearls in the River Conwy. Gold was re-found in Snowdonias hills during the 19th century:- at Clogau, above the Mawddach Estuary, the discovery of a rich gold vein started a Welsh gold rush in buying shares in the mines; near Bala, beneath the ruined castle of Castell Carn Dochan, a young boy saw gold glinting in a stone wall by the roadside; whilst between the rivers Mawddach and Gain the Gold King (Pritchard Morgan) mined his own weight plus two stone in gold during one fortnight. Today, his old mine at Gwynfynydd makes wedding rings for Henry Tudors descendants the British royal family. Gold isnt the only metal lining these mountains, and copper occurs in the quartz rocks above Llyn Glaslyn on Mount Snowdon itself. The first miners here, 4,000 years ago, smelted copper with tin to make bronze tools. Later on, shepherds carried the copper ore down Snowdon on their backs. By the 19th century horses and carts, laden with ore, were led over a causeway built across Llyn Llydaw and down the Miners Track to Pen y Pass. Most of the miners of this time lived in Llanberis. Early on Monday mornings they climbed more than 3000 feet over the top of Snowdon, returning home on Saturday evenings. Throughout the working week, in the 1-room cottages near Llyn Teyrn, the Welsh and Irish families scrapped like tigers; whilst besides the Glaslyn the miners lived in barracks, 2 to each bed, beneath a roof anchored on by cables against strong winds. Nearby, the blacksmith ran a sideline in selling tea to walkers But its at the Sygun Copper Mine where the most exotic income was made: the hills above Beddgelert provided the location for Ingrid Bergmans 1950s film The Inn of the 6th Happiness, set where-else in China. On the Great Orme, near Llandudno, the Bronze Age people also found copper, which they extracted by lighting fires against the limestone and then hitting the weakened rock with stone hammers. The Romans continued mining copper here, as well as lead in the hills above Trefriw, which they shipped in galleys to their harbour at Caerhun and on to Rome. They soon learnt from the local people that the iron-rich waters had a beneficial effect on lead-poisoning caused by inhaling the dust. The Victorians knew Trefriws secret too. Travelling up the Conwy by paddle-steamer, the wealthy came both to drink and bathe in the spa waters. The miners of this Age lived in Pentre-Du the black village near Betws-y-Coed. To reach the lead workings in the hills opposite, the men crossed over the River Llugwy via the Miners Bridge, only yards upstream from the Roman ford used centuries before. The lead mines near Llyn Sarnau and Llyn Parc were many but small and often worked by only one man. In contrast, the slate mines and quarries of the 19th century employed thousands of men and made huge profits for their owners. With the income from their slate quarry at Bethesda the Penrhyn family home was completely rebuilt and refurnished. But this wasnt just another Victorian mansion it became a neo-Norman castle with square keep, round towers and battlements. Unlike most castles, it wasnt cold and damp inside there were log fires and under-floor heating, stained glass windows and silk wallpapers. For the quarrymen who lived in the barracks, bare stone walls and roofs kept off the wind and rain. And, if it was dry, there was a mountain stream in which to wash. In the quarries of Bethesda and Llanberis the rockmen swung and clambered across the open rock-face, forcing out massive blocks of slate with pointed rods and gunpowder. For safetys sake, a chain hitched around one thigh left both hands free to work or to cling on in the midst of falling rocks. From the mines at Blaenau Ffestiniog the slates were transported by tramway to the harbour at Porthmadog and sailed onto the roofs of millions of homes through-out the world. Initially, the slate wagons were hauled by horses until, in the 1860s, the first steam locomotives took on the role. Within a few years the steam trains which travelled between the slate quarries and their ports also carried passengers. And Victorians who once climbed Mount Snowdon on ponies to watch the sunrise could sit more comfortably on the Snowdon Mountain Railway, which followed the original pony track from Llanberis. A new holiday resort developed on the north coast for these tourists, among them Lewis Carroll and the family of Alice, who stayed at Llandudno near the Llan of St Tudno on the Great Orme. During the late 19th century the National Eisteddfod of Wales was established. As now, these annual competitions in music and poetry were announced one year and one day in advance from within specially erected circles of stones. On the banks of Llyn Geirionydd rival eisteddfods were held for many years around the monument to Taliesin, a bard at the court of the King of Powys in the 6th century. Much later, an International Music Eisteddfod was set up in Llangollen, and choirs and soloists, folk-singers and folk-dancers from all over the world still compete in it. Back in 1895 an aspiring land-owner arrived in Wales the newly formed National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty acquired its first property: 41/2 acres of cliffland overlooking Barmouth and Cardigan Bay. By today, the Trusts acquisitions range from the Roman fort of Segontium and the slate barons Penrhyn Castle, to the mountains of the Welsh princes Carnedd Dafydd and Carnedd Llewelyn and Tryfan, on whose northern flank mountaineers train for their ascent of Mount Everest. Many of our mines and quarries closed during the first half of the 20th century, but in 1919 a new organization was set up to replenish the woodlands of Britain, felled for timber during the Great War. The Forestry Commission employed some of the ex-miners to plant thousands of acres with thousands of trees completely transforming the hills of North Wales. Snowdonias lakes and rivers arent free from interference either: Llyn Celyn near Bala provides water, via the River Dee, for Merseyside. Beneath the lake lies the ruins of a small village, drowned on the orders of Liverpool Corporation despite loud protests from both the villagers and Welsh MPs. At Trawsfynydd the reservoir waters cool the reactors within Britains first inland nuclear power station, frowned on by the Roman ghosts of Tomen-y-Mur, in the hills above, who created heating and hot water with such ease 2,000 years ago. Nowadays most of Snowdonias grazing land is used for sheep-farming but in the past rearing cattle and goats was more popular. In these earlier times the Welsh farmer had 2 homes: from the winter farm-house called the hendre in the lowlands the family and herds travelled in May upto their summer-house the hafod in the mountains. As the wool and clothing industries increased in importance sheep became the dominant farm animals. Overnight, commonland was turned into private land, enclosed by dry-stone walls winding across mountains and pastures. On the river-sides near Penmachno and Trefriw fulling mills were built in the 19th century, powered by water-wheels, to take the rough hand-woven cloths from the villagers and smooth them into superior woollen clothing. Today the remaining upland farms are self-sufficient units. Despite the harshness of Snowdonias winters, the Welsh Mountain Sheep and Black Cattle plus the goats and ponies whose ancestors escaped into the wild are ideally suited to the mountainous land in which they live. To ensure that the beauty of this countryside is protected from uncontrolled planning, over 800 square miles of the land around Mount Snowdon was designated in 1951 as the Snowdonia National Park.

Free sample - British Petroleum History. translation missing

British Petroleum History. British Petroleum HistoryBP’s (British Petroleum) origins can be traced back to 1901 when William Know tried to explore oil in Persia. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Middle East by BP in 1908. In 1935, the company prospered and was renamed the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. Its exploration operations expanded into North America (mainly Alaska), South America, Africa, and Europe. Â  The oil crisis in the 1970s led to a renewed expansion in oil exploration into the North Sea and Alaska, and the diversification of energy sources into coal, gas, and solar sources. This led to acquisition of Standard Oil in 1987, formation of BP America and the acquisition of Britoil in 1988. In 1998, BP and Amoco merged to create BP Amoco, an international energy and petrochemicals group with global operations. At the time, it was the largest ever industrial merger. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol, and changed its name to BP in 2001. BP acquired Veba Oel’s retail and refining assets in Germany and central Europe in 2001. This made BP the market leader in Germany and Austria and substantially strengthened its position in Poland and several other central European countries. BP also signed a number of agreements covering investments totaling around $1 billion to strengthen its presence in the growing Chinese energy market. The company also transferred the Mardi gas pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico from exploration and production to refining and marketing, and a small US operation supplying petrochemicals feedstock from gas, power, and renewable (GPR) to olefins and derivatives. Subsequently in 2007, BP and its Libyan partner, the Libya Investment Corporation (LIC), signed a major exploration and production agreement with Libya’s National Oil Company (NOC). BP, on behalf of the Shah Deniz partnership, announced a major new gas-condensate discovery in the Shah Deniz field in the Caspian Sea, in the same year. BP Egypt made a significant gas discovery at record depths in the Nile Delta, in early 2008. Subsequently, BP and its partner, Marathon Petroleum West of Shetlands, announced new oil discovery in Block 204/23, following drilling on the South-West Foinaven prospect. In 2008, BP and ConocoPhillips formed of a joint venture company called Denali – The Alaska Gas Pipeline. Later on, BP and Verenium (a company engaged in producing alternative energy fuels), created a strategic partnership to accelerate the development and commercialization of celluloses ethanol. In June 2009, BP announced the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary, BP West Java (BPWJ), to Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina (Persero). In the same month, BP announced the sale of its ground fuels marketing business in Greece to Hellenic Petroleum for E359 million (approximately $500 million). Bp also made a giant oil discovery at its Tiber Prospect in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico, in September 2009. The well, was drilled to a total depth of approximately 35,055 feet (10,685 Meters) making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled by the oil and gas industry. In August 2010, BP agreed to sell its oil and gas exploration, production, and transportation business in Colombia to a consortium of Ecopetrol, Colombia's national oil company (51%), and Talisman of Canada (49%).

Free sample - British Petroleum History. translation missing

British Petroleum History. British Petroleum HistoryBP’s (British Petroleum) origins can be traced back to 1901 when William Know tried to explore oil in Persia. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Middle East by BP in 1908. In 1935, the company prospered and was renamed the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. Its exploration operations expanded into North America (mainly Alaska), South America, Africa, and Europe. Â  The oil crisis in the 1970s led to a renewed expansion in oil exploration into the North Sea and Alaska, and the diversification of energy sources into coal, gas, and solar sources. This led to acquisition of Standard Oil in 1987, formation of BP America and the acquisition of Britoil in 1988. In 1998, BP and Amoco merged to create BP Amoco, an international energy and petrochemicals group with global operations. At the time, it was the largest ever industrial merger. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol, and changed its name to BP in 2001. BP acquired Veba Oel’s retail and refining assets in Germany and central Europe in 2001. This made BP the market leader in Germany and Austria and substantially strengthened its position in Poland and several other central European countries. BP also signed a number of agreements covering investments totaling around $1 billion to strengthen its presence in the growing Chinese energy market. The company also transferred the Mardi gas pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico from exploration and production to refining and marketing, and a small US operation supplying petrochemicals feedstock from gas, power, and renewable (GPR) to olefins and derivatives. Subsequently in 2007, BP and its Libyan partner, the Libya Investment Corporation (LIC), signed a major exploration and production agreement with Libya’s National Oil Company (NOC). BP, on behalf of the Shah Deniz partnership, announced a major new gas-condensate discovery in the Shah Deniz field in the Caspian Sea, in the same year. BP Egypt made a significant gas discovery at record depths in the Nile Delta, in early 2008. Subsequently, BP and its partner, Marathon Petroleum West of Shetlands, announced new oil discovery in Block 204/23, following drilling on the South-West Foinaven prospect. In 2008, BP and ConocoPhillips formed of a joint venture company called Denali – The Alaska Gas Pipeline. Later on, BP and Verenium (a company engaged in producing alternative energy fuels), created a strategic partnership to accelerate the development and commercialization of celluloses ethanol. In June 2009, BP announced the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary, BP West Java (BPWJ), to Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina (Persero). In the same month, BP announced the sale of its ground fuels marketing business in Greece to Hellenic Petroleum for E359 million (approximately $500 million). Bp also made a giant oil discovery at its Tiber Prospect in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico, in September 2009. The well, was drilled to a total depth of approximately 35,055 feet (10,685 Meters) making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled by the oil and gas industry. In August 2010, BP agreed to sell its oil and gas exploration, production, and transportation business in Colombia to a consortium of Ecopetrol, Colombia's national oil company (51%), and Talisman of Canada (49%).

Free sample - British Petroleum History. translation missing

British Petroleum History. British Petroleum HistoryBP’s (British Petroleum) origins can be traced back to 1901 when William Know tried to explore oil in Persia. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Middle East by BP in 1908. In 1935, the company prospered and was renamed the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. Its exploration operations expanded into North America (mainly Alaska), South America, Africa, and Europe. Â  The oil crisis in the 1970s led to a renewed expansion in oil exploration into the North Sea and Alaska, and the diversification of energy sources into coal, gas, and solar sources. This led to acquisition of Standard Oil in 1987, formation of BP America and the acquisition of Britoil in 1988. In 1998, BP and Amoco merged to create BP Amoco, an international energy and petrochemicals group with global operations. At the time, it was the largest ever industrial merger. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol, and changed its name to BP in 2001. BP acquired Veba Oel’s retail and refining assets in Germany and central Europe in 2001. This made BP the market leader in Germany and Austria and substantially strengthened its position in Poland and several other central European countries. BP also signed a number of agreements covering investments totaling around $1 billion to strengthen its presence in the growing Chinese energy market. The company also transferred the Mardi gas pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico from exploration and production to refining and marketing, and a small US operation supplying petrochemicals feedstock from gas, power, and renewable (GPR) to olefins and derivatives. Subsequently in 2007, BP and its Libyan partner, the Libya Investment Corporation (LIC), signed a major exploration and production agreement with Libya’s National Oil Company (NOC). BP, on behalf of the Shah Deniz partnership, announced a major new gas-condensate discovery in the Shah Deniz field in the Caspian Sea, in the same year. BP Egypt made a significant gas discovery at record depths in the Nile Delta, in early 2008. Subsequently, BP and its partner, Marathon Petroleum West of Shetlands, announced new oil discovery in Block 204/23, following drilling on the South-West Foinaven prospect. In 2008, BP and ConocoPhillips formed of a joint venture company called Denali – The Alaska Gas Pipeline. Later on, BP and Verenium (a company engaged in producing alternative energy fuels), created a strategic partnership to accelerate the development and commercialization of celluloses ethanol. In June 2009, BP announced the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary, BP West Java (BPWJ), to Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina (Persero). In the same month, BP announced the sale of its ground fuels marketing business in Greece to Hellenic Petroleum for E359 million (approximately $500 million). Bp also made a giant oil discovery at its Tiber Prospect in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico, in September 2009. The well, was drilled to a total depth of approximately 35,055 feet (10,685 Meters) making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled by the oil and gas industry. In August 2010, BP agreed to sell its oil and gas exploration, production, and transportation business in Colombia to a consortium of Ecopetrol, Colombia's national oil company (51%), and Talisman of Canada (49%).

Exploration of the Mississippi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exploration of the Mississippi - Essay Example This made their population drop hugely after the Spaniards visit (Geoghegan 1). In 1564, the ruler of Spain got news that French colonists had started a settlement at Fort Caroline. Fort Caroline was part of Spains terrain in the New World. The Spaniards felt this as a direct threat to their land that they had claimed in North America. The Spanish ruler wasted no time, and he decided to send Pedro Menendez along with his private army to destroy the small French colony (Shea 23). The only defense the French had was a tiny fort which they had set up on the St. Johns River in Florida. The Spanish warriors, because of this, took only little time to wipe out the tiny colony (Shea 23). A few of the French people, however, managed to escape by sea. The tiny French colony of Fort Caroline lasted only a year. This was the beginning of the fight between Spain, Great Britain as well as France over the possession of the region that would form the Mississippi. Immediately after the destruction of Fort Caroline, the Spaniards set up Fort St. Augustine, in 1565 (Gilmary 56). A period of about 130 years from De Sotos trek went by with no further exploration of the Mississippi. In 1673, Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, who were French explorers, traveled down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas River. The same trail took place nine years later by a different French explorer, Robert Cavelier de La Salle. Salle claimed all the land close to the river for France. He named that vast area as Louisiane. This translated to English is Louisiana. He gave it the name Louisiane in honor of his ruler, King Louis IV. The Mississippi River played a vital role in the settlement of this wilderness region. After Salle, French settlers started to arrive and build forts along the Gulf Coast. The Gulf Coast is presently the stretch from Louisiana to Florida. It also includes the Surgeres

Wiener schnitzel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wiener schnitzel - Research Paper Example The company currently operates in different states of the United States including: Washington, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and Louisiana among others. The fast food chain initially focused on hot dogs, but now sells Tastee-Freeze ice cream brand, including soft serve cones, freezes besides the usual burgers (Lluch 385; WienerSchnitzel). The fast food chain is characterized by its design of high, steeply pitched roofs, which resembles its ancient restaurants. Most stores that have been converted into WienerSchnitzel basically have similar and unique architecture from other restaurants, which sets it apart. According to Sculle and Jakle, â€Å"one chain, Der WienerSchnitzel, adopted an A-frame structure where motorists quite literally drove through the building† (Jakle and Sculle 61). The logo of the giant hot dog chain was then created in 1978 following the rebranding. Since 1999, the company has used â€Å"The Delicious One† in its advertisements. It revisited the part of its old identification â€Å"DER†, by developing a marketing slogan dubbed "DERlicious." In 2011, during the celebration of its fifty years in operation, the restaurant chain created a slogan called "Der fun since 61", which still extends to date the almost forgotten â€Å"DER† element of the original

Rock Music and Creativity :: Creative Creativity Essays

Rock Music and Creativity As the reader may verify by looking at my name, I originate from Cyprus, a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea. As I grew up in a Greek environment, Greek music predominated in my listenings with a glimpse of classical music added when my studies in the piano encouraged it. My short stay in the States has, apart from many other things, introduced me to rock music. According to Google.com, "rock 'n' roll can be defined as a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of Black rhythm-and-blues with White country-and-western; rock is a generic term that evolved out of rock 'n' roll." The purpose of this essay is not, however, to provide an analysis on rock music. I know I have much to learn, many hours of listening to be able to be considered a `rock fan'. Nevertheless, rock provides a perfect example where Margaret Boden's three domains of creativity appear explicitly. Margaret Boden, Dean of School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences and professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Sussex, has written many essays on creativity. In The Creative Priority she divides creativity into three main branches. The first involves `making unfamiliar combinations of familiar ideas', new ways to join already existing ideas in order to generate a completely novel creation, be it a poem, a painting or a scientific invention. The `exploration of conceptual spaces', searching for possibilities in an area that no one has thought about before and realizing the potential those may have, entails the second branch. Finally, the third includes `transforming conceptual spaces in people's minds', pushing and altering the limits previously imposed to result in the triumph of creation. This classification provides a summary of what various authors have illustrated in their works on the creative process. As the definition of rock music states, rock emerged from the combination of black rhythm-and-blues and white country-and-western. Those two kinds of music prevailed on the music scene since the beginning of the 20th century. Both were familiar to the audiences of the time. What Elvis did that shook the waves and initiated a revolution in music, was to combine those two familiar ideas in an unfamiliar way. The result was a new – for the time – music genre, which as such had a lot to offer and a lot to explore within.

Macchiavellian theories in “King Lear” Essay

William Shakespeare’s â€Å"King Lear† has within it many Machiavellian theories. This is evident once we examine the characters of Edmund, Goneril, and Regan. The Machiavellian principles relating to politics, ethics, and virtue are exemplified throughout â€Å"King Lear† play by these three characters. Machiavellian politics deal with acquiring power and forming very strong governments. For Machiavelli, power meant politics. Ethics can be best described as a branch of knowledge concerned with moral principles. The Theme of morality and ethics keeps evolving throughout â€Å"King Lear† and is demonstrated by these three characters. Virtue is the final principle highlighted by this Shakespeare play. By examining each of the three characters in more depth, we can better understand how Machiavellian theories apply to the play â€Å"King Lear† Edmund is the most Machiavellian character in â€Å"King Lear† for many reasons. Edmund was born as illegitimated son of Gloucester. He had elder brother named Edgar who was legitimated son of Gloucester and beloved suitable heir. Edmund shows his avarice, greed, and envy towards Edger. Edmund states soliloquy â€Å"Thou, Nature, art my goddess; to thy law, †¦ now, gods, stand up for bastards.†(I, ii, 1-22) This shows that he blame the nature that he never meant to born as an illegitimated, such as bastard son. He also decides that as concern everything think as a bastard, he will act as a bastard, the way of being Machiavellian as manipulating and taking advantage of others. Especially from the part of soliloquy, â€Å"legitimate Edgar, I must have your land.† (I, ii, 16) He is showing his jealousy towards Edgar, and all that he has. Back in Shakespeare’s time, land ownership was a form of wealth. Wealth equaled political power. Acquiring political p ower is a Machiavellian trait. Edmund also criticized his father for being too superstitious and gullible in nature. He ridiculed his father, Gloucester for his beliefs and he thought he was morally superior to him. Edmund exploited his father’s good nature by enraging with Edgar’s false letter against his father. In a deceptive manner, Edmund, quite simply acted phony to Edgar. He tries to cover Edger, however deceiving both ends of his mouth between Gloucester and Edgar. Edmund acted in a two faced manner and this is true to the Machiavellian way  of doing things. There is one more example of Edmund’s Machiavellian behavior. In Act III, we are exposed to Edmund’s treacherous tendency against his own father. Edmund states, â€Å"The younger rise when the old doth fall†(III, iii, 26) it is clear that Edmund wished to take over and assume power over his father’s domain. Edmund is seeking power that Macchivelli often wrote about. The greed in acquiring power is all right if the end justifies the means. In Act V, Edger, Edmund’s brother, also a victim of Edmund’s Machiavellian tendencies revenge on Edmund and murdered him. Along with Edmund, Goneril is also another character in the play, which exemplifies immoral and unvirtuous behavior. Goneril used flattery to get on the good side of her father. â€Å"Sir, I love you more than words can wield the matter, †¦ Beyond all manner of so much I love you.†(I, i, 57-64) She wanted to inherit her father’s kingdom. Goneril had an ulterior motive for acting this way to achieve any greedy goal. After she took advantage of her old father, she kicked her father out from her castle. This shows how she unvirtuous Machiavellian treatment to her father. There is the second example of Goneril’s deceiving ways. Goneril cheated on her husband Albany. This is undoubtedly Machiavellian trait. Albany even detected Goneril’s conniving deceptive behavior. He states † You are not worth the dust which the rude wind blows in your face.†(IV, ii, 30-31) Furthermore for Goneril’s love of Edmund, she poisoned her own sister, Regan to eliminate from him. At the end of the play, these Machiavellian traits and characteristics brought her to this point of self-destruction and suicide. Regan is the next character who also showed Machiavellian behavior in her personality. She flattered her father just like Goneril did. â€Å"I am made of that self mettle as my sisters, †¦ In your Highness love†(I, i, 71-79) She had an ulterior motive to in praising and flattering her father. Like her deceptive sister Goneril, Regan wanted the wealth and kingdom. It was more than she deserved. Regan cooperated thoroughly with Goneril to mistreat her  father with disrespect. Regan defends her sister’s poor treatment of her father to her father and informs her father that he is old and should be rule by others. She mentioned to him that return to Goneril and beg her Forgiveness. â€Å"O, sir, you are old, †¦ Say you have wronged her.†(II, iv, 145-151) This behavior is Machiavellian in nature, because it is immoral and unvirtuous. Regan also cheated on her husband, Cornwall. She loved Edmund as her sister Goneril did. She informed her sister that she wou ld merry Edmund as soon as her husband died, however Regan was poisoned by Goneril. This shows that how the last become to the Machiavellian who looks for their own profit, and their Machiavellian personalities bring themselves into their own grave. It is clearly evident that the Machiavellian themes are prevalent by the words and actions of Edmund, Goneril, and Regan. The theory of acquiring power, ethics, morality, and virtue that Macchiavelli wrote about is a common theme in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"King Lear†. The three characters previously mentioned are all looking out for their own self-interest. They will do anything to achieve their greedy and selfish goals. Perhaps it is truly ironic that the play does not have happy ending. Much can be learned by examining Machiavellian principals and theories as they pertain to â€Å"King Lear†.

Caffeines Mechanism of Action In Energy Drinks Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Caffeine can also be absorbed rectally and there are drugs designed to utilize this fact (ergotamine and chlorobutanol). The half-life of caffeine is about 3 to 4 hours but may vary depending on the health status of the individual; the factors that affect this include age, pregnancy, liver function and other medications a person might be taking. Since caffeine is metabolized in the liver, liver disease can result in accumulation of caffeine hence elevating the half-life to up to 96 hours(Craig Stitzel 2008, 229). Caffeine s Mechanism of ActionCaffeine is among the few compounds that can cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain. The mode of action once in the brain is inhibition of the functions of adenosine; hence it s referred to as an adenosine antagonist (Latini Pedata 2001, 466). Its structure is similar to that of adenosine and therefore it binds to same receptors as adenosine and as a result, blocks adenosine from occupying the receptors, consequently, adenosine is not a ble to act, it is therefore called a competitive inhibitor for this reason. Adenosine is found in all the body part due to its function in energy generation in the ATP cycle (Adenosine Tri-phosphate cycle) but in the brain it has a special function to suppress neural activity and increase blood flow, Caffeine does not activate these receptors and therefore inhibits these functions (Craig Stitzel 2008, 212). We will write a custom essay sample on Caffeines Mechanism of Action In Energy Drinks or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page