Impact Of Electronic Commerce On Physical Stores - 891 Words

Literature Review The purpose of this document is to study what is the impact of electronic commerce to physical stores, it is necessary to look at e-commerce development brought opportunities and challenges on physical stores. In order to obtain real results, first of all, There is a comparison e-commerce and physical stores, And then analyze the electronic commerce brought opportunities and challenges on physical stores. Advantages of electronic commerce With the accelerated pace of life, some people do not have much time to go shopping, but they have shopping needs. In the network, the seller can quickly communicate with the seller and to reduce the limitations of distance, buyers and sellers can communicate more effectively, while avoiding waste of time that searching goods in physical stores(Malone et al., 1987; Wildman Guerin-Calvert, 1990). It has been argued electronic commerce is factory direct sales or some traders selling directly to consumers after buy products from manufacturers (Wigand Benjamin, 1995; Wigand, 1997). Compared with the store, there s no surcharge for too much, such as labor costs, shop rental costs, water and electricity fees, these reduce operating costs, So cause the electricity supplier can use lower prices to sell products With the rapid development of e-commerce in the world, companies have realized that the key of success and failure is not just low price, it include electronic service quality, e-commerce need to has aShow MoreRelatedTechnology Makes the World Smaller1697 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Make the World Smaller Office 2004 Test Drive User Table of Contents Commerce 4 Dell6 Ebay 7 E-cash8 Work Cited11 Footnotes12 Technology Makes the World Smaller The international marketplace is changing very fast every day. E-commerce and E-Business is now one of the standard ways to do business. The Internet has opened up vast opportunities for business to tap into new markets all over the world. The use of the Internet removes all geographical constraints, permits the instant establishmentRead MoreE Commerce And Its Impact On Todays Economy1054 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In e-Commerce, your prices have to be better because the consumer has to take a leap of faith in your product.† These were the words uttered by actor, producer, and investor, Ashton Kutcher. It is clear that what Ashton is saying is 100% factual, as it is essential to give customers the best shopping experience by providing with a well-rounded and most efficient website. However, in my paper I will be defining e-Commerce, discussing the types of e-commerce, an evolution of e-commerce and the impactRead MoreOnline Shopping Case Study1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntro duction: The evolution of technology and the internet has brought tremendous change to all facets of daily life. One area where this change is overwhelmingly evident is retail. Where once consumers had to physically go to a store in order to purchase goods and had a limited view of competitors, consumers are now able to shop from anywhere on their mobile devices, and access competing prices with ease. This was great for consumers and online retailers, but for brick-and-mortar businesses likeRead MoreE-marketplace, E-mall, E-tailing Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: There are various electronic commerce activities and mechanisms. E-Commerce Activities and Mechanisms include the following but not limited to: E-Market Place: It is an online market usually B2B where buyers and sellers exchange goods or services. EC transactions take place in the electronic equivalent of a mall called the electronic marketplace (e-marketplace). Electronic marketplaces utilize different tools (electronic shopping cart, e-catalog, fulfillment technologies,Read MoreZappos, an Electronic Commerce Information System1662 Words   |  7 Pagesan information system. Such a system allows businesses to input process and store information. Zappos.com is one of the many businesses that use an information system. The system that Zappos.com uses is an electronic commerce information system. This system allows Zappos.com to provide great customer service, which is the companys mission. Many employees are needed to run the different components of the electronic commerce information system, some employees are new and others are seasoned workersRead MoreInternet Based Marketing And Ordinary Marketing Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction of internet based business or electronic commerce offers vast and unique opportunities to businesses which are able to compete in the same level with every other business. 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Thus, e-commerce has developed throughout the years; organizations from Walmart to little one individualRead MoreEcommerce: Shopping Cart1532 Words   |  7 PagesE-Commerce: Shopping Cart Wendell B. Taylor Grantham University Electronic Commerce April 3, 2012 A shopping cart is a piece of software that acts as an online store s catalog and ordering process. Typically, a shopping cart is the interface between a company s website and its deeper infrastructure. Contrary to popular belief among merchants, an online shopping cart does not process credit card payments (Parker, 2010). Instead, shopping cart software serves three other main purposes. First

Prostitution and Ethical Values Related to It - 954 Words

Prostitution and Ethical Values related to it Introduction Prostitution can be defined as â€Å"The act or practice of engaging in sexual intercourse for money,† and is usually provided as an underground service. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute, and is a kind of sex worker. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crime or to a regulated profession. Throughout modern day society, the act of prostitution is often seen as controversial with respect to different ethical issues. Although the practice is illegal in most places, it actually becomes a â€Å"viable† job source for many women. The majority of prostitutes are female, mainly from the nature of the job, however men do become prostitutes on rare occasions. Prostitution raises many ethical issues resulting from the degrading of one’s body through offering a sexual service that is widely available. The debate as to whether this service is morally wrong focuses on if the degrading of one’s body could actually be considered rape and if women can be â€Å"forced† into this profession. Unethical Positions of Prostitution: Actual News Reports and Facts About 80% of women in prostitution have been the victim of a rape. Its hard to talk about this because the experience of prostitution is just like rape. Prostitutes are raped, on theShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Criminalising Prostitution1631 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the key issues arising in the consideration from the governor of DKI Jakarta response to legalise prostitution in his territory. The Indonesian government has been criminalising prostitution based on the Book of the Criminal Justice Act (KUHP) regulation since more than 30 years ago, yet it did not make prostitution diminished and tends to increase the quantity of the prostitutes (Kenedi 2015). The current governor of DKI Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok)Read MoreProstitution Should Not be Legalized Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution should not be ‘Legalized’ Sexual objectification of women is viewing them solely as de-personalized objects of desire instead of as individuals of complex personalities, which is done by speaking or thinking of women solely by their physical attributes. Sexuality has been a controversial topic for a long time, and there have been many thinkers pondering on its effects on societies and cultures all over the world. The physical expression of sexuality is fundamental and universal. WhatRead MoreObjection to Commoditized Sex1547 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Anderson makes a claim that â€Å"The attempt to sell gift value on the market makes a mockery of those values.†(Anderson 188) Anderson uses this claim to object commoditized sex (prostitution). There are two premises that Anderson uses to support her claim. The first premise being the gift value of sex cannot be realized in commercial terms and the second premise being that the gift value of sex is more significant that the use value of sex itself. To support her first premise Anderson arguesRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1298 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered to be the oldest profession in the world. Many people support the idea of legalizing prostitution, while others do not. This controversial debate has been ongoing since the beginning of time. 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The most common types of police misconduct include excessive force, sexual assault, intentional false arrest, falsifying evidence, extortion, and other related offenses (Color 2000). Police misconduct has become more prevalent since 1970 when drugs became a major driver of corruption replacing gambling, prostitution and alcohol (Bayley 2011). Public activists groups and internal affairs units are put in place in law enforcement agencies which primarily govern police misconduct investigationsRead MoreThe Reason Why Aids Is Such A Sensitive Issue Is Because954 Words   |  4 PagesPerhaps the most difficult dilemma occurs when there are conflicts between the clinician’s values and the client s behaviors. Professionals know that if a client threatens suicide or homicide, there is a duty to report. But most of the daily concerns that arise are not so simple. Ethical issues come up in numerous, seemingly insignificant ways. The issue of competence can be one of the most difficul t ethical issues when working with this population. Persons with HIV/AIDS can be affected by numerousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesreligions, are religiously and economically compatible. When Shylock reels out his version of the biblical story, we can see that his perspective is so skewed that he alters the true meaning of the Scripture. The Old Testament teaches that honesty and ethical principles are keys to successful, fair, and open business transactions, and that when one entity tries to cheat the other, God will assist the honest person and foil the cheater. The unethical Shylock asserts that the flock represents principalRead More Body Image Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesinternalization of the â€Å"thin ideal† denotes a key cause of such dissatisfaction (Dittmar). 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How Life Gets Better While People Feel the Same Free Essays

I’m pretty sure all of us are familiar with the cliche, â€Å"money can’t buy happiness. † In Gregg Easterbrook book The Progress Paradox he tries to understand why a small variances of this cliche is so. The paradox that underlies Easterbrook’s venture is that through out the last fifty years, things have improved in the United States and Europe, by all objective standards. We will write a custom essay sample on How Life Gets Better While People Feel the Same or any similar topic only for you Order Now All though during same time, surveys of happiness and satisfaction have not changed since the fifties. Easterbrook’s main question through out the book asking has the objective measures of the well being of man kind increased while overall satisfaction of people and happiness have remained constant? In the three beginning chapters of this book Easterbrook spends a lot of time looking at surveys depicting the various objective measures that show a pretty much steady increase of progress. I found these chapters entertaining to read because it brings to light a huge range of facts and statistics that add support to his idea that things are constantly improving. Easterbrook goes on about how the crime rate is falling, the state of the environment is improving, we are gaining intelligence, equality is increasing and economic situations have improved. Crime, both violent and property have been in decline for 20 years. Current crime rates are probably the lowest in the history of the country. The environment has been improving in every area except green house gases. We have the cleanest air since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the cleanest water since Man was a hunter and gatherer. n the statistics discussed, Easterbrook references a 1996 poll that resulted in 52% of the respondents saying the United States was worse now than when their parents were growing up and 60% said they expected their children to live in an even worse country. Only 15% of the respondents believed that overall national conditions were improving (Easterbrook, 2004). In 1997, 66% of Americans reported that they believed â€Å"the lot of the average person is getting worse† (Easterbrook, 2004). Easterbrook raises the question â€Å"How is this possible† with the dramatic increase in overall general progress. Along with discussing the statistics of the many surveys, Easterbrook also gives the reader possible reasons for the so-called paradox. One of the possible reasons he gives is â€Å"choice anxiety. † When looking back on the past a lot of people had very few options due to limited income and limited availability of goods and services. But Easterbrook fights that there is flip side to the stress that comes from having to many options, just like not having enough options can be stressful as well. With the constant increase in the range of goods and services available even the easiest choices can become stressful. Easterbrook states this because a consumer can never really be sure if they are making the correct decision causing stress and unhappiness. Another possible reason Easterbrook gives is â€Å"Abundance denial. † This means that no matter how much individuals actually have materially, they will never view them as being â€Å"well-off†, which is constantly making people unhappy and stress out. Easterbrook states that a most Americans think of only the rich as being â€Å"well-off. This brings me to my favorite statistic my favorite statistic: there have been around sixty billion people who ever lived, the 600 million who live in western democracies such as Europe, North America, Japan and Australia live better than anyone else in history (better housing, medical care, nutrition etc. )(Easterbrook, 2004). Since my standard of living is considered about ave rage that means that I live better than 99. 5% of people who have ever lived. We are the one percenters, as far as the history of the world goes. Our current one percenters live better than 99. 9% of people, ever. One more possible reason is â€Å"collapse anxiety,† the widespread fear that the prosperity of the United States and Europe may come to an end due to an economic crash, environmental problems, terrorism or some other catastrophe. Even though individuals are better off that constant notion that it is unmanageable leads to people being unhappy and unsatisfied. It’s hard for people to sit back and really appreciate things when they are in constant fear that it could someday end. Lastly he considers â€Å"the revolution of satisfied expectations† as a possible explanation. He refers this to as the uneasiness that follows items that an individual once dreamed of having. Easterbrook states that during the last century western life has been categorized by ever increasing expectations, with each generation expecting to have more than the previous generation. In today’s day and age we have reached a point where people have most of what they need. What Easterbrook is trying to say with this explanation is that it is hard to imagine things getting any better than they already are kind of giving individuals nothing to look forward to. After reading this book I had some general issues. First off is the issue of happiness. The beginning of the book deals with objective measures over time that forms a steady increase in progress. To form the paradox the objective facts were compared to the subjective measures of happiness. Of course Easterbrook states that the surveys are not exactly perfect he claims that they â€Å"illuminating nonetheless† (Easterbrook, 2004). However I think this is questionable. The perception of happiness is not constant among individuals at one point in time, let alone over several decades. Each person could have a completely different outlook on happiness. What can be happiness for one person could be sadness or another feeling for someone else. With each person entitled to their own subjective view on what they consider to be happiness, they are also entitled to have a subjective perception of what others experienced in the past and what others will experience in the future. So when surveyors asked respondents if they thought their parents would better off or if their children will be better off, it’s not an objective measure but a subjective perception of the past and future. It doesn’t seem clear why we In short, it is not clear why we would assume the level of subjective satisfaction to increase with objective well-being. I feel like Easterbrook was trying to say that in the past it seemed like things were always getting better but now in the future since things are improving so quickly it doesn’t seem like we could continue to progress in the future. It is unclear why people should think that progress couldn’t continue and, therefore, have lower expectations for the future. This question is left unanswered. If you asked, most people would agree that money and material things are not the meaning of happiness. With this, why would we expect to see a connection between an increase in progress and an increase in happiness? It isn’t clear that the claim has ever been that prosperity and progress will lead to the end of all stress and uneasiness. In the end there are two traits that correlate closely with happiness: forgiveness and gratitude. Forgive those that have done you wrong and be grateful for what you have. †¢Easterbrook, Greg. The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feels Worse. Random House Publishing Group, 2004. eBook. How to cite How Life Gets Better While People Feel the Same, Essay examples

Consumer Behaviour in the Automotive Sector

Question: ExplainConsumer Behaviour in the Automotive Sector. Answer: 1.Introduction In todays time, the automotive industry is considered to be a very lucrative industry. Due to the high level of research and development infrastructure, highly qualified workers, integration of value chain in the complete industry, helps in creating a world-class automotive environment. This kind of environment helps to develop technology which helps to cater tomorrows needs. As the disposable income is increasing in both the urban and the rural sector and finances are made available by the financial institution very easily, the sales of the motor vehicles have increased at the rate of 39% P.A. as compared to the previous years (Barlow and Chatterton, 2002). Competition has also increased in this sector with the entry of the new players. The factor which helps in the marketing of a particular product is by knowing their brand and creating a personality for their brands. This report answers the questions relating to the brand personality and to review, identify and analyse the key influences which affect the buyers behaviour. 2. Overview of the Auto Segment The automotive industry is experiencing an unprecedented boom in the demand for various types of the vehicles currently. This boom is mainly because of two reasons: First is the increase in the income and living standards of the people and second is Liberalisation in the government policies of equity regulations, reduction of import tariff, banking liberalisation, etc. (Clark-Murphy, 2010). The automotive industry has observed that the sale of vehicles will be triple in the next five years with the growth in the market and increase in the customer purchasing power which will lead to the increase in demand of high- end models. The creation of brand personality is done by using all the elements of marketing mix which includes its price, store location, formulation of the product, brand communication, media advertising and sales promotion (Dassisti and Giovannini, 2012). Innovation, good production standards, and know how helps to strengthen the automotive industry in the near future. Automotive engineers today are working hard to improve the engine efficiency, developing the different drive technologies which include hybrid, electric and lightweight electronics and material. For the growth of automotive industries factors like smartly managing traffic technique, targets to reduce carbon emission and initiatives of the government electric method are used. 3. Objectives of the Research The objective to carry out this research is to determine the demographic variables of the consumers, examining the perceptions of the consumers and to measure the satisfaction levels of the owners of the vehicles. Fulfilling customers requirement cannot create customer satisfaction has his have to be met in any case, however, falling short in creating customer requirement can lead to customer dissatisfaction (Gover and Harris, 2009). The major attributes to create satisfaction among the consumers includes product quality, packaging of the product, price, keeping up the delivery commitments, overall attitude, communication and responsiveness in resolving the complaints. The process will be to first define the target audience then find out their needs, build up the consumer profile and lastly create the product which matches the profile of the customer. The procedure followed in this research are: First defining the need of information and second is designing a descriptive, exploratory and causal research. The research process comprises of four distinct but yet interrelated steps for research analysis which are the determination of the information research problem, then developing an appropriate research design, then executing the research design and lastly communication of the result (Jullien and Pardi, 2013). 4. Factors affecting buyer behaviour The acts and decision processes of the customer are associated with buying, evaluating, consuming and discarding the product for personal consumption. Due to increase in the environmental awareness, the increase in the gas prices and strict CO2 rules and regulations in the new vehicles the demand of efficient drive systems has increased (Kaneko, 2006). The factors which helps in the decision-making of the buyer of automobile vehicles like a car is due to external and internal influences. External influences include family, cultural, reference group and environment whereas internal influences include personality, lifestyle, motivation and decision- making process. The external and internal influences play a very important role to change the decision of the buyer. The cultural values and the social status of a person is a very important factor in the decision making of the consumer. Whereas environment, circumstances and location are also very important. In the near future, the demand for vehicles which are connected to the internet is going to increase. 5. How consumers make decisions When the consumers decide which vehicle to purchase than they start to focus more on safety, price, reliability, technology and fuel economy. The bottom of his list consists of cash back incentives, however, the cash back incentives does not affect the decision of the consumer much in the past few years which mean that the consumers are now very less interested in gimmicks (Kim and You, 2013). The gender and age of the consumer also affect its decision like for example older customers focus more on safety and reliability whereas younger generation analyses their decision depending upon the information available on the internet. People form an impression of a particular brand on the bases of conversation with family and friends, advertisements, news reports and product experience. But until the customers purchases actively all that exposure appears wasted. But when someone decides to buy a product than these factors shapes the initial consideration of the customer (Kim and You, 2013). The customer then narrows the initial consideration by weighing options than they make the decision and then they buy the product. After the product is purchased by the buyer, the post-sale phase determines the loyalty of the customer towards the brand so that they could purchase the product again. Marketers should push their marketing towards the consumers at each stage so that they can influence their behaviour. The decision- making process is a circular journey which consists of four phases: Initial consideration, then the process of researching the potential purchases which an active evaluation, closure means when consumers purchase the brand and the last is post purchase, which is when consumers experience the brand. The factors that affect the consumer choice of vehicle depends on reliability of brand, safety, price, fuel economy, quality of its interior styling, after sales services, extra option with no extra cost, availability of the vehicle, environmental factors, trade in value,0% or low financing, cash back incentives (Williamson, 2005). The steps which influence the decision of the user are as mentioned below: Need recognition- the need recognition is the most important step in the process of buying. If there does not exist the need for the product than there is no buy for the product. The need for a particular product arises due to internal factors or due to external factors like society etc. Information search- Once the consumer is identified with the need than the process of information starts which means the possible solution to a problem. The information can be gathered through internal factors or through external factors (Teng and Nguyen, 2010). Internal information depends on the customers personal experience with the brand or the opinion that he has about the particular brand. External information is gathered through friends and family, press, media and through advertisement. Evaluation of alternatives- Once the consumer has gathered all the information then he evaluates all the alternate available to him and chooses the one which is most suitable for him. Purchase decision- Since now the customer has evaluated the options available to him and has selected the best among the best which suits his requirement he will proceed to purchase the product. Post purchase behaviour- Now since the customer has purchased the product, he will evaluate the product by using it and that he is satisfied with the decision he has made and if the customer is satisfied with the product then that will build up the loyalty of the customer towards the particular product. 6. Recommendation to influence buyers decision Developing the marketing strategy-The brand can improve their marketing strategy by enhancing their knowledge on the process of consumers buying decision. It will help to respond effectively and be present there with their customers at every stage of their buying decision, which will, in turn, strengthen their relationship with their customer, create and raise the need for their product which in turn will grow the sales of the brand (Takhire and M.R, 2015). By increasing the expenses on research and development and using new technology will also influence the buyer decision. Close interaction with the clients should be done at the pre-development level. High technology use and innovation should be of prime importance for the manufactures. The customer buys a product depending on their needs; therefore, the brand should reinforce or generate the need for the product with the help advertising campaign. Advertisement campaign which is good can help to develop the need for the product in the mind of the consumer. During the alternative evaluation procedure of the customer buying decision process, customers are searching for reliable, solid and tangible information which will help them to make their choice (MacNeill and Bailey, 2010). The brand at this stage is required to provide the concrete information about the product and the features of the product, the added value of the product and why it is better as compared to other competitors wh ich in turn will help to create a positive influence in their decision- making process. Lastly post purchase behaviour of the brand can help in developing the long- lasting relationship with the customer. The brand should provide good customer services in the case the customer is dissatisfied with the product or has a certain issue with the same. Developing proper supply chain models which mainly consist of the three processes like physical flow, planning and operational processes and strategies. The physical à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows presents the information flow and all the processes relating to the movement and status of the goods which is in transit. In the planning and operational processes, various activities are performed to guarantee that the supply chain works effectively. This strategy helps in creating responsiveness and flexibility of customer requirement and the changing market condition in a very cost effective manner. 7. Conclusion Measures are required to be taken for the expansion of the automotive industry. Innovations and RD are required in this industry to cater to the requirement of the future. The manufacturers and the dealers should be able to understand the factors that affect the purchasing behaviour of the customer. The information provided by the salesperson on the easy availability of the spare parts, safety, technology, etc. affect the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. People in todays time are more conscious about the information which is provided to them easily and on the spot. The technology used and the availability of service station also plays a very important role. The result of the research shows that the companies in todays time play on peripheral cues to maintain total relationship management and also to connect both their potential and present customers (Jullien and Pardi, 2013).The companies in now a time are operating in a very competitive and highly aggressive global market which in return requires the companies to an emphasis on all the aspects of quality. Total quality management focuses on the coordination, integration and continuous improvement of all the processes and activities. Whereas total relationship management is a new marketing strategy which focuses on all the integrated external and internal activities between and within the organisation. Both the terms mentioned above are integrated which helps the manufacturer in building a good quality product and in building a better relationship with the customers and the dealer and helps in providing better service levels. Finally, a very important point emerges out of this study is a caution for all the manufacturers. It says that although the market is increasing but all the companies have a long way to go and to convince all their customers about how its suits the buyers perspective and its brand personality.Simply because there is no guarantee that the satisfaction of the customer will convert into the sale or not. 8.References Barlow, N. and Chatterton, P. (2002). Improving the Competitiveness of Companies in the UK Automotive Sector.Industry and Higher Education, 16(5), pp.315-319. Clark-Murphy, D. (2010). Do Interactive Theories Really Explain Public Sector Managerial Decision-Making?.Asian Social Science, 6(3). Dassisti, M. and Giovannini, A. (2012). Ontologies for interoperating sustainable manufacturing: new opportunities for the automotive sector.IJATM, 12(3), p.273. Gover, J. and Harris, R. (2009). Global automotive sector.IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., 4(4), pp.85-89. Jullien, B. and Pardi, T. (2013). Structuring new automotive industries, restructuring old automotive industries and the new geopolitics of the global automotive sector.IJATM, 13(2), p.96. Kaneko, M. (2006). Prospect of Neutron Analysis for Automotive Industry.hamon, 16(1), pp.68-69. Kim, P. and You, J. (2013). Strategic CSR through Innovation and Top Management Team Decision Making: Evidence from Eco-Friendly Automobile Industry Case Analyses.JOAMS, pp.383-388. Klonowski, D. (2008). The consolidation of the automotive parts aftermarket sector in transitioning economies: the case of Poland.IJATM, 8(1), p.90. Lee, B., Park, Y. and Yoo, J. (2010). Buying Customer Classification in Automotive Corporation with Decision Tree.The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 10(2), pp.372-380. Lewis, W. and Samuel, A. (1991). An analysis of designing for quality in the automotive industry.Design Studies, 12(4), pp.252-260. MacNeill, S. and Bailey, D. (2010). Changing policies for the automotive industry in an 'old' industrial region: an open innovation model for the UK West Midlands?.IJATM, 10(2/3), p.128. Takhire, M. and M.R, T. (2015). Evaluation of Effective Factors on Customer Decision-Making Process in the Online Environment.International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication Technologies, 6(3), pp.01-11. Teng, T. and Nguyen, T. (2010). Assessment of the pedestrian friendliness of a vechicle using subsystem impact tests.International Journal of Automotive Technology, 11(1), pp.67-73. Williamson, I. (2005). Low volume; high flexibility [automotive industry].Manufacturing Engineer, 84(6), pp.40-43.

Capitalism In Early America Essays - Economic Ideologies

Capitalism In Early America 5/4/99 The Impact of Capitalism on Society in Early America Many different people have defined capitalism over the years. It has been defined as a political entity, economic entity and as a social entity. Max Weber and Karl Marx argue different theories concerning the emergence of capitalism. While it is unsure whether the economic system emerged first or the cultural values and ideology that allowed for the formation of capitalism emerged first, one thing is for certain, capitalism is tied to cultural values and ideology. This essay will explore the social changes that capitalism caused in early America by discussing: violence; crowds, mobs, and committees; food riots and price controls; the American Revolution; and the Constitution. . The adverse effect on society that capitalism caused was violence. Capitalism caused an ideology to emerge in early America that cannot be described with any one word. Capitalism caused people to become dependent upon an economic system that cherished two things: money and the power that wealth provided. When that economic system and its prize were threatened, the reaction was often one of violence. The Salem witchcraft trials are an example of such violence. When the people of Salem realized that their neighbors, who lived closer to the water, were becoming wealthier and therefore, more powerful than they were, violence erupted in the form of accusations. These accusations were that certain people in Salem were practicing witchcraft on other members of the community. Several people were executed based on accusations that some historians now say were based on the economic prosperity of certain members of the Salem community and the economic disparity of other members. The members of this community, who had once been friendly neighbors, became bitter enemies that executed one another due to the influences of capitalism. Other examples of violence fueled by capitalism include the destruction of the home of Mr. Hutchinson in Boston during the Stamp Act Rebellion. Bostonians did not want to pay the stamp tax imposed by British law. The taxes were being used to fund the English military. Colonists had become engrossed in supporting their own lifestyles in America and did not want to pay for the kings war. Therefore, anyone who happened to be pro-British, as Hutchinson was, became open to hostilities and attacks. Hutchinson was also a wealthy, powerful government official. This made him a prime target. The coordinated effort of the Stamp Act Rebellion in Boston also marked the formation of a new social entity: crowds and committees. Foner discusses the use of crowds as forms of protest to the condition in which people were living. Such conditions included heavy taxes and poverty. The formations of crowds were a direct results of capitalism. One of the best examples of the impact of crowds is the Hutchinson case. The wealthy men of Boston came together to form a committee called the Sons of Liberty. They were very much against the heavy taxes being levied in the colonies to pay for the kings war. These men wanted to keep their wealth, not hand it over to the king and his men. To surrender this money meant surrendering power as well, since money had already become the real source of power. These men were well aware of the influences of wealth and power. The Sons of Liberty was formed to battle the taxes that the monarchy imposed They then formed the crowd of artisans led by Ebenezer. Ebenezer was the tough guy used to force Oliver, the tax collector, to stop collecting taxes and renounce the kings taxes publicly. While the crowd that destroyed the Hutchinson home was acting without the Sons of Liberty approval, the crowd was a direct result of the formation of the Sons of Liberty. This committee was formed to maintain the upper classes wealth and power . The value placed on wealth and power was a direct result of the emergence of capitalism as the foundation of the colonies cultural values and ideology. Foner also discusses the relationship between capitalism and the mobs and food riots that took place in pre-Revolutionary Boston. The end of just pricing- the end of constant prices and the beginning of inflation and prices that responded to supply

Last of the Mohicans essays

Last of the Mohicans essays I am going to be writhing an opinion based paper about the movie, "The Last of the Mohicans".It is a translation of the james fenimore coopers book that was written a long time ago. The movie is based on a dying Indian tribe that is caught in the middle of the war between the French and the British over the North American territory. The mohawks are bitter rivals with the Hurons, who are fierce and outnumber them by far. One of the french commanders asks that his daughters be put under that watch magua, a member of the Hurons, yet they did not know that Magua had connections with the British. Magua turns on the colonel in favor of the french and attempts to take the daughters hostage as a revenge for the british killing his family. This is where the Mohawks come into play by trying to rescue the girls and they do all they can to avoid Magua and the Huron so that they can bring the girls back to their father at the fort. The only problem is that the Huron act on revenge, not for the French, But for themselves. This makes their desire for the girls greater, now that they are under an eye of their rivals. This movie overall was very good though, the first 20 minutes were kind of confusing while i was trying to figure out the characters and where they belonged in the movie. The movie is somewhat violent but it is only that for one reason, its about a war so I think it is accepted that there be some blood shed. The whole movie overall was ver good even though at a few spots I felt it carried on a little to much that it should. The music in the movie was great and it fit the movie perfectly. I was only disappointed in a few points and that would have to be how the parts drug out and how the movie ended. I feel that it should have had more romantic ending rather then having her take her life but that is how it was meant to be. I would give this movie a 3.5 out of 5 stars. ...

Environmental Rights Annotated Bib Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Rights Bib - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors highlight that the current literature regarding environmental rights ignores the economic costs (transactional costs) such as welfare costs associated with the establishment of the right. The current literature therefore proposes that the only transactional costs involved are bribes and the like, which are of no economic significance. The whole economic literature also assumes that individuals are rational beings and hence the environmental policy making does not involve self-interest (Krutilla and Alexeeve, 2014). Through their article, the authors have tried to describe how transactional cost involved (such as welfare cost) can be reduced. The most important theme of the paper is that environmental rights are an important policy making instrument. Generally, the rights are defined in terms of taxation or through a stipulated pollution level which acts as a control. This provides an incentive for polluters to reduce their emissions of harmful gasses thereby circumventing the high abatement costs. For this reason, polluters often oppose such developments because it costs them highly in terms of taxation and other economic costs. Even though environmentalists work to advocate pollution taxation, the result is the imposition of infra-marginal rents. As a result, a new political economy has erupted which operates trading programs for polluted emissions (Krutilla and Alexeeve, 2014). The authors have provided a framework in order to model sharing of the environmental rights (Krutilla and Alexeeve, 2014). However, the authors have assumed an elastic demand for the polluters which means that they alone bear the taxation imposed on emissions. The authors however have made a good attempt at trying to quantify and monetize the welfare costs associated with the rights. The social, political, and economic aspects have been discussed very well by the authors due to the context of the issue. Towards

The Basic Concept of Business-to-Business Marketing Research Paper

The Basic Concept of Business-to-Business Marketing - Research Paper Example The marketing mix is more or less the same as of the consumer products but pricing, consumer relationships, and product quality play a vital role in this scenario. The branding is limited and the awareness is on the low scale among the individual customers. However, some marketing and branding strategies like online advertising in B2B portals, participating in Trade fair, corporate interviews, selective advertising in business channels and industrial magazines etc. The basic concept of marketing is the same here but with little modification. Introduction: Business to business marketing all about creating relationships and maintain it properly within the business partners. In this field that is; in industrial marketing or business to business marketing the government organizations, manufacturing, companies, service providers are involved. There is no direct relation between individual end users. Consumer behavior, product quality, pricing, and transportation play an important role. Th e creating of corporate relations is the key factor in this marketing module. More relations mean more options for having more clients. This paper will discuss the basics of business to business marketing, marketing mix, positioning, marketing strategies etc. In business, to business marketing, the customer is an organization instead of an individual end user, and that is the main distinguishing characteristics of the business to business organizations from the business to customer organizations (Brennan, Canning, and McDowell, 2010). There are many differences between the consumer market and the business market. In this case the business market. There are some products which are always bought by the organizations but not the individual customers. For example the management consultancy services, this is a service based products which can be sold only to the organizations and in this case, B2B marketing is very much important.

Business Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business Function - Essay Example A business entity chosen should also draw from how much personal liability is involved and the entrepreneur’s ability to raise the capital required to begin the business because each entity requires a certain amount of initial capital. The various types of business include, the sole trader or proprietorship and partnership, which fall under the unincorporated firms and the private limited company and the public limited company that are under the incorporated firms’ category. With this, this essay will delve into the different types of businesses and their definitions and will also describe the three different types of business ownership with examples where possible. Lastly, the essay will further focus on the factors that should be considered by an entrepreneur when starting a business. Ideally, determining the type of business structure that an entrepreneur should choose draws from the way in which the chosen organization will meet his/her needs. Additionally, the type of business structure that an entrepreneur chooses depends on whether they want to run the same on their own or with the help of partners and associates. The three main business types, namely sole proprietorship, corporations and partnerships are discussed below. In essence, the sole trader type of business is the simplest of the three as it is easy to start and does not require too much paperwork while in partnership business form, ownership is shared between partners that contribute towards the start of a business based on a common business idea that they might have had. Incorporation is the other business structure where a business becomes a legal entity in which the shareholders of the same do not become legally liable for the activities, debts, or responsibilities of the corporation. The sole trader type of business is the simplest of the three as it is

European Studies Essays Welfare State and the European Nations

European Studies Essays Welfare State and the European Nations Welfare State and the European Nations â€Å"The phrase ‘welfare state’ was first used in the late 1930s, to distinguish between the policies of the democracies and the war state of European dictators† (Spicker, 2003). From the late nineteenth century, features of a welfare state began emerge in parts of Western Europe. The first European country to put in place a welfare state was Germany in 1883. The then Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck introduced a mandatory national accident and sickness insurance law. The insurance was financed by state subsidy (Spicker). A welfare state is â€Å"a state where more than one half of all government expenditures are devoted to social policy, as opposed to the economy, the military, law and order, infrastructure and other traditional functions of the state† ( Spicker, 2003). Judt (2006) defines a welfare state as a state which is primarily concerned with dispensing welfare to its citizens. Such states spend the bigger proportion of their public expenditures on welfare. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers According to Gough (2006), welfare states in Europe were established during the Second World War. Their main purpose was to tackle the five evil giants that were facing most of Europe at that time. These evils included: Poverty: Because of the war, many people were sick, jobless or widowed hence were poor. Diseases: Despite many people being sick, they could not afford to seek treatment. Ignorance: At that time, school-leaving age was 11. Most children were forced to drop out of schools because they could not afford to pay fees. Squalor: Majority of the population lived in poor housing facilities (slums) because council houses were inadequate. Idleness: As a result of the war, most people lost their jobs and became unemployed. The welfare state was therefore established to ensure that children stayed in school; free medical treatment for all was introduced; new council houses were built and more towns established to provide better housing facilities to the slum dwellers and more industries were started to help reduce the unemployment rate. There are several objectives of a welfare state. Equitable distribution of wealth and resources: Welfare states used progressive method of tax collection whereby people with higher incomes paid more taxes and those with lower incomes paid less tax. This method of taxation helped in reallocation of public money and shifting of resources from the resource-rich regions to resource-poor regions. This was effective in achieving regional balance and in narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor (Spicker, 2003). Income and standard of living maintenance: People can temporarily or permanently be rendered incapable participating in the labor market. This can be due to old age, or sickness. This normally results in loss of income for themselves and their families. But in a welfare state, income maintenance was assured whether or not someone was working. This was normally â€Å"achieved through a variety of public insurance schemes,† (Judt, 2006). These included deductions from an employee’s salary, contributions made by the employers and the state. These deductions and contributions were deposited into an insurance fund from which individuals were entitled to certain benefits, depending on the level and the number of contributions made. These â€Å"insurance schemes covered unemployment, sick pay and old age pensions,† (Gough, 2006). Helping the disadvantaged groups: welfare states started programs to assist those groups that were considered worse-off than others. Gough (2006) says that: For instance, European countries have taken specific measures to combat rural poverty; support families with children; provide for re-training and early retirement in industrial problem regions; assist especially those with structural employment problem (the long-term and older unemployed; youth unemployment). Provision of a public safety net was another objective of welfare states. Welfare States ensured that each individual enjoyed â€Å"a minimal level of decent human existence if no other resources are available,† (Gough, 2006). In the pre-industrial era provision for such individuals was mainly done by â€Å"local charities, communities, nobleness oblige, and the churches †¦ on a much smaller scale† (Gough). Most Welfare States used their welfare policy as a form of economic governance. According to Gough (2006), â€Å"the economies of continental Europe, often called organized market economies, are characterized by a more pronounced role for the government in the economy †¦.† Unlike in other states, the different economic sectors were usually in harmony rather than in competition with each other. This contributed to the overall economic organization and stability, and is the reason why such economies were often labeled ‘organized market economies.’ Welfare states put up policies aimed at poverty eradication. Such programs included Medicaid and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). However, such programs were not popular among the majority of the population because they only served the marginalized people who comprised a smaller proportion of the population. The creation and development of the welfare state followed different patterns in each of the European countries. The men behind the European welfare state shared Keynes’s view which he voiced before his death in 1946. Keynes said that â€Å"after the World War II, there would be a craving for social and personal security in Europe. And there was. The welfare state was constructed primarily as a security revolution rather than a social revolution,† (Judt, 2006) The German welfare system was based on the three main principles. The first one was â€Å"subsidiarity.† This principle holds that â€Å"services should be decentralized or independently managed† (Spicker, 2003). The role of the state was limited only to areas which could not be covered by other means like military services. In Germany, high income earners were not covered by the main social insurance system; they were left to make their own decisions. Economic development was another principle surrounding the German welfare system. Provision of social services was based on this principle. This was clearly evident in â€Å"the close relationship of services to people’s position in the labor market. Social benefits were earnings-related, and those without work records found that they were not covered for important contingencies† (Spicker, 2003). Additionally, the state’s spending on welfare had to be directly related to the principle of economic development and growth. Welfare state in Germany was originally established by Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck who introduced the principle of ‘corporatist structure’. According to Spicker, 2003: This principle was developed by Bismarck on the basis of existing mutual aid associations, and remained the basis for social protection subsequently. Social insurance, which covered the costs of health, some social care and much of the income maintenance system, was managed by a system of independent funds. The French system of welfare was regarded as the most generous welfare system. It involved provision of a wide range of social services, rendering it very complex and expensive to maintain it. In France, the welfare system was â€Å"based on the principle of solidarity,† which was declared in the first article of the French Code of Social Security (Spicker, 2003). However, the term â€Å"solidarity† was ambiguous and was used in different circumstances to mean different things. To some people, solidarity referred to cooperative mutual support whereby people who benefited from national welfare schemes were expected to contribute on an equal basis. To others, solidarity meant interdependent relationships, â€Å"common action, mutual responsibility and shared risks† (Spicker, 2003). The Swedish Welfare System was viewed as an ideal form of welfare state. The system offered institutional care in that it offered â€Å"a universal minimum† (Judt, 2006). Like all welfare states, the Swedish government offered benefits to the unemployed, the sick people, and retired citizens. However, for a long time this welfare system was not effectively practiced because as Judt (2006) says, â€Å"the Swedish population had a strong tradition of entrepreneurship and hard work and continued to work hard even though they now had the option to live off government.† However, with time, people adapted to the welfare system. The welfare state of the United Kingdom was established by William Beveridge in 1942. The aim of the state was to curb the social problems that British citizens were facing due to the effects of the Second World War. The government took the responsibility of providing for its people. This policy resulted in high government expenditure and an increase in the state’s key responsibilities. In addition to the provision of the basic services (education, health, housing and employment) the state also increased â€Å"regulation of industry food and redistributive taxation† (Gough, 2006). Most Welfare States did not last long because of various reasons. The first major reason was the nature of taxation and the salary structure. In most welfare states, the social benefits and salaries for the low-skilled workers were among the highest in the world, whereas those for the high-skilled workers were lower compare to those of other countries. Additionally, the high-skilled workers paid much higher taxes than the low–skilled workers. This attracted more low-skilled workers into these states, becoming a burden to the Welfare State. The issue of immigration also led to the collapse of the welfare state. Because of the social benefits a welfare state offered, it attracted people from the low income countries. Fjordman (2006) notes that â€Å"†¦ they experienced †¦ disintegration with the introduction of mass immigration of persons who did not have the cultural background necessary to uphold the welfare state.† Lastly, the nature of the services that a welfare state provided contributed to its collapse. Education and health services especially are â€Å"ones on which people wish to spend more money as they become richer. Old age and retirement pensions imply that the government would have to spend more as the population ages† (Fjordman, 2006). Because of this, the ratio of public spending to Gross Domestic Product was high and it became practically impossible to meet all the social demands of its citizens. REFERENCES Fjordman, C. The Welfare State: The Root of Europe’s Problems. The Brussels Journal. 2006, March 08 Gough, I. European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing Countries. University of Bath http://64.233.169.104/search? Judt, T. The Future of Decadent Europe. The Globalist. 2006, June 02. Spicker, P. The Welfare State. Centre for Public Policy and Management: Robert Gordon University http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm

Preventing Bioterrorism Essay -- Biodefense, Biological Attack

September 11, 2001, signifies the most pivotal moment in United States history. It marks a great paradigm shift in the attitude of United States towards terrorism. Prior to September 11, policies to protect against terrorism were perforated with in fighting between government agencies, a lack of centralized intelligence sharing, and general surprise. This event marks the beginning of the largest growth in the United States intelligence community. The United States increased security all around the board, opened up and centralized its agencies, and began to prepare for new kinds of terrorist attacks. The country never experienced a bio-terrorist attack, and yet the threat is very real. From the Cold War, the United States fully understood the harm biological weapons can inflict. The attacks of September 11 demonstrate the preparation against domestic terrorist attacks and the damage terrorist can cause. As the United States continue to increase its security against terrorism, it is imperative it understands and prepares for a potential bio-terrorist attack. There are many events throughout which demonstrate the potential catastrophe a calculated bio-terrorist attack can create. The Black Death of the 14th century illustrates how quickly and how deadly a disease can spread. The plague originated in China and arrived via trade routes to Europe by the mid-14th century. By the end of the 14th century, the disease killed more than half the world’s population. The world witnessed its first case of biological warfare during the French and Indian Wars. British commander of the North America forces, Sir Jeffrey Amherst, ordered his troops to donate to Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox. As result, Native Ame... ...emonstrated the silent nature of such attacks and the damages they can exact on large populations. The plagues of the 14th century, the use of smallpox against the Indians, and the intentional Salmonella poisoning in the 1980’s exemplify this fact. The fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990’s along with other political events, resulted in vast amounts of bio-agents disappearing and falling into the wrong hands. Opponents claim it is too complex and requires too many resources to carry out large scale attacks; however, with biological weapons, a few infected people can spread the disease to thousands. The modern tactics of terrorism are unconventional, unexpected, and able to kill thousands. As terrorists become more organized and funded, it is essential that the United States increase its capabilities at preventing and defending against bio-terrorist attacks.

Western Education Romans

ED 6000 Philosophical Foundations in Education Beginning Questions ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? 2-3 sentence responses foundation of your philosophy paper reflects your current stance/belief 30 minutes keep a copy for your final personal philosophy paper Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 Now this is the commandment, the statutes and the judgments which the LORD your God has commanded me to teach you, that you might do them in the land where you are going over to possess it, so that you and your son and your grandson might fear the LORD your God, to keep all His statutes and His commandments which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be prolonged. Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 Israel, you should listen and be careful to do it, that it may be well with you and that you may multiply greatly, just as the LORD, the God of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and honey. Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our God, the LORD is one! Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. These words, which I am commanding you today, shall be on your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your sons and shall talk of them when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way and when you lie down and when you rise up. Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 You shall bind them as a sign on your hand and they shall be as frontals on your forehead. You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Big Ideas: ! ? ! ? ! ? What are the enduring principles that have stood the test of time? To what extent are the principles being applied in today s classrooms? List the big ideas that you have experienced in today s classrooms and or those that should, from your perspective, be a part of current educational practice. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Hebrews ! ? ! ? longest recorded western history teaching of religion and moral training A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Greeks ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? city-state civilization based on slavery achieve elegant leisure ignity of the citizen letters, music, gymnastics conscripted military service A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Romans ! ? ! ? ! ? patricians, plebeians, freed men and slaves piety, courage, honesty, dignity, sobriety A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Christian ! ? ! ? ! ? change of heart attain peace and growth in body, mind, and spirit underground schools ! ? A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCA TION Renaissance (New Birth) ! ? ! ? Seven Liberal arts ! ? trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic ! ? quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Renaissance Man da Vinci ! ? oastfulness, individualism and a resentment toward authority A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Reformation (1500-1750) ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? educated class advocated reform Germany-moral indignation England-remove wealth from the church Geneva-strictly theologicals England became largely Protestant back to the basics grammar/spelling Inquisition court of heresy Heliocentrism (Copernicus) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1627) ! ? developmental stages ! ? infant, child, youth, adult ! ? Orbis Pictus 1653-54 – the first picture book for school children A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? The purpose of education is that which every gentleman desires for his sons, virtue, wisdom, breeding and learning. I place virtue as the first and most necessary. I put learning last, especially if I tell you I think it the least part. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, p. 147. John Locke (1632-1704) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION John Locke (1632-1704) ! ? ! ? Tabula Rasa ! ? There would be no problem, †¦ if the human intellect were even, and like a fair sheet of paper with no writing on it. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION United States Old Deluder Satan Act (Massachusetts 1647) ne chief project of the old deluder, Satan, to keep men from a knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an unknown tongue, so in these latter times by persuading from the use of tongues†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION †¦. it is therefore ordered, that every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord hath increased their number t o fifty thousand, shall then forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him, to write and read, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Enlightenment & Revolution (1750-1830 ! ? Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) ! ? Romanticism ! ? Emile ! ? On Education ! ? The Social Contract A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) ! ? ! ? The child will come to understand the world through creative play facilitated by the use of geometric objects (labeled by Froebel as gifts ) in which pure form is dominant. 1840 Pedagogics of the Kindergarten A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ! ? 1896 University of Rome s first woman physician graduate ! 1912 Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy ! ? If one fails to learn, there is a natural punishment that takes place as a loss of the consciousness of our own power and greatness, which constitute the quality of manhood. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ! ? ! ? ! ? The classroom must be a prepared environment The classroom must always contain stimulating apparatus, objects, toys , and literature in order to capture the child s inner drives to be active. sensitive periods A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ! ? ! ? ! ? ? psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist Progressivism moral relativism applied evolutionary theory to ! ? biology ! ? geology ! ? anthropology A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ! ? Morality is learned within a social context by observing appropriate rules, which emerge from shared experience. ! ? Values are defined through use of the scientific method as one selects a choice of action and how it will effect self, others, the community, and the environment. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Catholic Church (1929) ! ? Every method of education founded, wholly or in part, on the denial or forgetfulness of original sin and grace, and relying on the sole powers of human nature, is unsound†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? †¦Such, generally speaking, are those modern systems bearing various names which appeal to a pretended self-government and unrestrained freedom on the part of the child, and which diminish or even suppress the teacher s authority and action, attributing to the child an exclusive primacy of initiative, and an activity independent of any higher law, natural or divine, in the work of his education. Catholic Church (1929) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Scientific or Logical Positivism (1950-1967) ! ? ! ? ! ? purpose of education national development stand against the threat of communism ! ? U. S. Department of Education ! ? ! ? ! ? President Jackson signed legislation that created the first Department of Education in1867 (non-cabinet level) that lasted less than a year President Charter signed Public Law 96-88 The Department of Education Organization Act in 1979 Reagan established it as a cabinet-level agency in 1981 A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) ? ! ? ! ? operant behavior teaching machines Beyond Freedom and Dignity A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Multiculturalism & Private Schools (1980-1990) ! ? Mortimer Adler (1982) ! ? ! ? ! ? The Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto liberal, non-specialized education without electives or vocational classes three purposes ! ? ! ? ! ? use leisure time well earn their living ethically tea ch people to be responsible citizens in a democracy ! ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ! ? ! ? ! ? National Commission of Excellence in Education The Imperative For Educational Reform If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? †¦We have even squandered the gains in student achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament. A Nation at Risk (1983) ! ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ? ! ? ! ? ! ? strengthen graduation requirements five new basics: English, mathematics, science, social studies, and computer science adopt higher and measurable standards for academic performance significantly increase time students spend engaged in learning Strengthen the teaching profession through higher standards for preparation and professional growth ! ? A HISTORY OF WEST ERN EDUCATION ! ? Standards (1998-present) ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? Academic Content Standards for Students No Child Left Behind Academic Performance Indicator (API) scores National Board for Professional Teaching Standards

Lycurgus constitution essays

Lycurgus constitution essays Philosophy is a study that tries to define and explain how people in a community should live wisely. In his Life of Lycurgus, Plutarch wrote ...Lycurgus produced an inimitable constitution,... showing... the spectacle of an entire city acting like philosophers... (Readings, p.185). Unlike other philosophers, Lycurgus ideas were practical; his laws didnt just describe the proper way of living, but also put it to work. Using his constitution, Spartans became harmonious, developed feelings of honor, self-reliance, and self-control which the leader believed were the keys to living wisely. In addition such destructive force as individualism was replaced by a desire to serve the community. Lycurgus first reform was an economic one. He started by redistributing the land. Since there was an immense gap between the poor and the wealthy people, he created equal incomes for all Spartans. Then, he devaluated gold and silver, making only iron currency legal. This action rid Sparta of sophists, charlatans, prostitutes, gold and silver smiths. It also stopped trade and all negative influences of outsiders. To take away unnecessary desire for riches and luxury, Lycurgus introduced common dinning tables which provided just enough food for men not to be hungry. He believed eating in luxurious settings and stuffing oneself with excess of food softened and weakened him. Lycurgus thought that dining at home contributed to greed and took away from living wisely. Also he believed using services of others (servants) at dinner caused feelings of inequality and concentration on material good rather than nonmaterial one which Lycurgus advertised. Luxury became extinct an d for the most part so did pride, envy and crime. The Lycurgan system made it so that the Spartans would only attempt to compete in courage and virtue instead of competing for material goods like more land and w...

European Exploration and Trade Essay Example

European Exploration and Trade Essay Example European Exploration and Trade Essay European Exploration and Trade Essay There was once a time in our history, before computerized maps and satellites and tracking programs. Sailors had to guide themselves by the stars and very basic and inaccurate maps. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe there was advancement in technology and learning that led to widespread exploration and trade among countries. The introduction of the compass, advancements in cartography, the printing press, and other inventions led to increased trade and exploration throughout Europe. Before the fifteenth century, sailors often didn’t venture far from what they knew because maps were extremely inaccurate and weather was unpredictable. In the fourteenth century a style of maps, called portolon charts, were introduced. These were pictures of harbors, ports, cities, and coastlines inscribed on sheepskin. These maps were valuable to the merchant and traders between cities, but to the explorer changing continents they were basically useless. The compass was also a major improvement to previous methods. Before this invention, sailors used the stars to navigate and stay on their somewhat planned course. However, during the day they were at a loss. When the compass was invented, it allowed sailors to know their bearing all the time. People soon learned to notice and pay more attention to weather patterns while sailing. They discovered the trade winds among the seas and noted where they were in relation to each other and what their effects on shipping were. The winds caused either a faster and smoother trip or a longer and rougher voyage, depending on the direction of the ship and the wind involved. This was an advancement to previous methods because they now knew what to expect and prepare for instead of guessing or being surprised. They could also plan routes and try new routes. This led to a period of time called the Age of Sail. The printing press was one of the biggest and most important inventions of this time period. Before, literature and documents were scarce and not very common. After the printing press was introduced, literary works and various types of documents were more available to the common person. This encouraged people to become more educated because they now had the means to do it. The printing press also had an effect on cartography. Because maps had to be either inscribed or drawn, they were rare and not very public. After the printing press, maps were able to be duplicated and shared with other cartographers. In doing this, they could compare their maps with other peoples and create a newer and more accurate representation of the land and sea. This caused people to become more sure and trusting of these maps, making them venture out further than they had before, thus increasing trade. The design and size of ships were also changing during this time. The Europeans began to incorporate the methods of other countries, such as China, into their own shipbuilding process. One change was the multiple sails on the ship which allowed for better upwind travel. The all-in-one rudder was also a major improvement because it allowed for easier and faster steering and better control and stability of the keel. All in all, various changes and improvements occurred during this time. Inventions and improvements such as map making, compasses, understanding of weather patterns, and the printing press were all factors in the increase in exploration and trade in Europe.

Religious observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religious observation - Assignment Example Families and couples were seen sited together perhaps because of love and companionship, but this was not the case for all people in the church. I noted that female gender were many compared to the male gender. Two people made prayers from the congregation who prayed for the peace to prevail in the country and entire world as well as the families. The clergy and the pastor who led the service made other prayers. There were some rituals performed specifically during Holy Communion, whereby grape juice and a small white piece of bread was administered to the congregation. Prayers were made before taking the Holy Communion, in which the pastor led the congregation in reciting some rhythmical prayers. I was told that the Eucharist had a meaning since they remembered the death of Jesus Christ because of their sins. Therefore, when they take it they repent and the â€Å"blood† washes their sins (Nicholas, 2002). The cleric was successful in delivering the message; he used the bible and provided various current life examples that challenged the congregation to change from their unfaithful behaviors to good behaviors that uplift Jesus name. I was welcomed at the gate and provided with the necessary directions since I introduced myself as a visitor. I felt uneasy for the first few minutes because I was not aware of their doctrines, however, I later coped with the

Marketing Research for a Company in Dubai Paper

Marketing for a Company in Dubai - Research Paper Example The marketing management department of Masafi generally divided its target audiences into three different market segmentation, such as psychographic segmentation, demographic segmentation and geographic segmentation. In terms of psychographic segmentation, the organization has targeted kids, young adults and women of all ages. The fresh fruit juices are effectively popular among the teenagers and kids. On the other hand, high quality mineral water bottle and fruit flavoured drinks are highly popular among the young college students, young office executives, middle aged men and women, and busy office executives. These products are of high quality. Therefore, it helps the marketing management department to conduct effective psychographic market segmentation for the target customers. In terms of demographic market segmentation, the organization generally targets both men and women for their differentiated products. Facial tissues are quite popular among the young ladies. On the other hand, high quality mineral water bottles are significantly preferred by the both men and women of all ages. In terms of income distribution, people of middle class and upper middle class income group are the major target customers as the o0rganization has developed cost based pricing strategy for the products (Ferrell, 2012). Last but not the least; the organization also has conducted geographic segmentation for its target customers in the developed marketing strategies.